Abstract
The use of animals for the preclinical study of cancer therapeutics has a long history, and important information has been gained regarding new and innovative therapies. Most of this work has been performed on inbred rodent models and laboratory-derived canine populations. Working with inbred populations in controlled, artificial laboratory environments raises some degree of concern over the applicability of information as it relates to naturally occurring tumors in people. Many of these concerns may be allayed through the study of naturally occurring tumors in our companion animal population, (i.e., dog and cat pet population). Companion animals with naturally occurring tumors, although presently underutilized, have and should continue to provide an excellent opportunity to investigate many aspects of malignancy from etiology to treatment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Reif JS, Bruns C, Lower KS. Cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in pet dogs. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 488 - 492.
Glickman LS, Shofer FS, McKee IJ. Epidemiologic study of insecticide exposure, obesity, and risk of bladder cancer in household dogs. J Toxicol Environ Health 1989; 28: 407 - 414.
Gavazza A, Presciuttini S, Barale R, Lubas G, Gugliucci B. Association between canine malignant lymphoma, living in industrial areas, and use of chemicals by dog owners. J Vet Intern Med 2001; 15: 190 - 195.
Hayes HM, Tarone RE, Cantor KP, Jessen CR, McCurnin DM, Richardson RC. Case-control study of canine malignant lymphoma: positive association with dog owner’s use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83: 1226 - 1231.
Reif JS, Lower KS, Ogilvie GK. Residential exposure to magnetic fields and risk of canine lymphoma. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141: 352 - 359.
Glickman LT, Domanski LM, Maguire TG, Dubielzig RR, Churg A. Mesothelioma in pet dogs associated with exposure of their owners to asbestos. Environ Res 1983; 32: 305 - 313.
Dorn CR, Taylor DON, Schneider R, Hibbard HH, Klauber MR. Survey of animal neoplasms in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties. Cancer morbidity in dogs and cats from Alameda County. J Natl Cancer Inst 1968; 40: 307 - 318.
Dorn CR. Epidemiology of canine and feline tumors. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 1976; 12: 307 - 312.
Priester WA, McKay FW. The occurrence of tumors in domestic animals. Natl CancerinstMonogrNo. 54. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. 1980: 152.
LaRue SM, Fox MH, Withrow SJ, ddd, smdl. Impact of heterogeneity in the predictive value of kinetic parameters in canine osteosarcoma. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 3916 - 3921.
Zeman EM, Calkins DP, Cline JM, Thrall DE. The relationship between proliferative and oxygenation status in spontaneous canine tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993; 27: 891 - 898.
Vail DM, Kisseberth WC, Obradovich JE, et al. Assessment of potential doubling time (Tpot), argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as predictors of therapy response in canine non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Exp Hematol 1996; 24: 807 - 815.
Hershey AE, Kurzman ID, Forrest LJ, et al. Inhalation chemotherapy for macroscopic primary or metastatic lung tumors: proof of principle using dogs with spontaneously occurring tumors as a model. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5: 2653 - 2659.
Sharma S, White D, Imondi AR, Placke ME, Vail DM, Kris MG. Development of inhalational agents for oncologic use. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1839 - 1847.
Vail DM, MacEwen EG. Spontaneously occurring tumors of companion animals as models for human cancer. Cancer Invest 2000; 18: 781 - 792.
Bronson RT. Variation in age at death of dogs of different sexes and breeds. Am J Vet Res 1982; 43: 2057 - 2059.
Teclaw R, Mendlein J, Garbe P, Mariolis P. Characteristics of pet populations and households in the Purdue Comparative Oncology Program catchment area. JAm Vet Med Assoc 1988; 201: 1725 - 1729.
Steplewski Z, Rosales C, Jeglum KA, McDonald-Smith J. In vivo destruction of canine lymphoma mediated by murine monoclonal antibodies. In Vivo 1990; 4: 231 - 234.
Ghernati I, Auger C, Chabanne L, et al. Characterization of a canine long-term T cell line (DLC 01) established from a dog with Sezary syndrome and producing retroviral particles. Leukemia 1999; 13: 1281 - 1290.
Nakaichi M, Taura Y, Kanki M, et al. Establishment and characterization of a new canine B-cell leukemia cell line. J Vet Med Sci 1996; 58: 469 - 471.
Thamm DH, Dickerson EB, Helfand SC, MacEwen EG. Expression of angiogenic growth factors and receptors in canine angiosarcoma. In: Proceedings of the American Association of Cancer Research, New Orleans, LA, 2001.
Shoieb AM, Hahn KA, Barnhill MA. An in vivo/in vitro experimental model system for the study of human osteosarcoma: canine osteosarcoma cells (COS31) which retain osteoblastic and metastatic properties in nude mice. In Vivo 1998; 12: 463 - 472.
Cakir Y, Hahn KA. Direct action by doxycycline against canine osteosarcoma cell proliferation and collagenase (MMP-1) activity in vitro. In Vivo 1999; 13: 327 - 331.
Ahern TE, Bird RC, Bird AE, Wolfe LG. Expression of the oncogene c-erbB-2 in canine mammary cancers and tumor-derived cell lines. Am J Vet Res 1996; 57: 693 - 696.
Muleya JS, Nakaichi M, Sugahara J, Taura Y, Murata T, Nakama S. Establishment and characterization of a new cell line derived from feline mammary tumor. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60: 931 - 935.
Hogge GS, Burkholder JK, Culp J, et al. Preclinical development of hGM-CSF transfected melanoma cell vaccines using established canine cell lines and normal canines. Cancer Gene Ther 1998; 6: 26 - 36.
Ahern TE, Bird RC, Bird AE, Wolfe LG. Overexpression of c-erbB-2 and c-myc but not c-ras, in canine melanoma cell lines, is associated with metastatic potential in nude mice. Anticancer Res 1993; 13: 1365 - 1371.
Koenig A, Wojcieszyn J, Weeks BR, Modiano JF. Expression of S100a, vimentin, NSE, and melan A/MART-1 in seven canine melanoma cell lines and twenty-nine retrospective cases of canine melanoma. Vet Pathol 2001; 38: 427 - 435.
Knapp DW, Chan TC, Kuczek T, Reagan WJ, Park B. Evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs against canine tumor cells. Am J Vet Res 1995; 56: 801 - 805.
Tannehill-Gregg S, Kergosien E, Rosol TJ. Feline head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line: characterization, production of parathyroid hormone-related protein, and regulation by transforming growth factor-beta. In Vitro Cell Dey Biol Anim 2001; 37: 676 - 683.
Katayama R, Huelsmeyer MK, Vail DM, Kurzman ID, MacEwen EG. Selective inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor receptor activity in feline vaccine-associated sarcoma. In: Proceedings of the American Association Cancer Research, San Francisco, April 6 - 10, 2002.
Ma Z, Khatlani TS, Li L, et al. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of feline melanoma antigen (MAGE) obtained from a lymphoma cell line. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 83: 241 - 252.
Okai Y, Nakamura N, Matsushiro H, et al. Molecular analysis of multidrug resistance in feline lymphoma cells. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61: 1122 - 1127.
Cline JM, Thrall DE, Page RL, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of a hypoxia marker in spontaneous canine tumours. Br J Cancer 1990; 62: 925 - 931.
Cline JM, Thrall DE, Rosner GL, Raleigh JA. Distribution of the hypoxic marker CCI-103F in canine tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 28: 921 - 933.
Raleigh JA, Zeman EM, Rathman M, et al. Development of an ELISA for the detection of 2-nitroimidazole hypoxia markers bound to tumor tissue. Int J Radial Oncol Biol Phys 1992; 22: 403 - 405.
Raleigh JA, Zeman EM, Calkins DP, McEntee MC, Thrall DE. Distribution of hypoxia and proliferation associated markers in spontaneous canine tumors. Acta Oncol 1995; 34: 345 - 349.
Thrall DE, McEntee MC, Cline JM, Raleigh JA. ELISA quantification of CCI-103F binding in canine tumors prior to and during irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 28: 649 - 659.
Vujaskovic Z, Poulson JM, Gaskin AA, et al. Temperature-dependent changes in physiologic parameters of spontaneous canine soft tissue sarcomas after combined radiotherapy and hyperthermia treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 46: 179 - 185.
Mathias CJ, Green MA, Morrison WB, Knapp DW. Evaluation of Cu-PTSM as a tracer of tumor perfusion: comparison with labeled microspheres in spontaneous canine neoplasms. Nucl Med Biol 1994; 21: 83 - 87.
Van Camp S, Fisher P, Thrall DE. Dynamic CT measurement of contrast medium washin kinetics in canine nasal tumors. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2000; 41: 403 - 408.
Rocha TA, Mauldin GN, Patnaik AK, Bergman PJ. Prognostic factors in dogs with urinary bladder carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14: 486 - 490.
Mohammed SI, Bennett PF, Craig BA, et al. Effects of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, piroxicam, on tumor response, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in a canine model of human invasive urinary bladder cancer. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 356 - 358.
Coomber BL, Denton J, Sylvestre A, Kruth S. Blood vessel density in canine osteosarcoma. Can J Vet Res 1998; 62: 199 - 204.
Gonzalez CM, Griffey SM, Naydan DK, et al. Canine transmissible venereal tumour: a morphological and immunohistochemical study of 11 tumours in growth phase and during regression after chemotherapy. J Comp Pathol 2000; 122: 241 - 248.
Griffey SM, Verstraete FJ, Kraegel SA, Lucroy MD, Madewell BR. Computer-assisted image analysis of intratumoral vessel density in mammary tumors from dogs. Am J Vet Res 1998; 59: 1238 - 1242.
Fukanoshi Y, Nakayama H, Uetsuka K, Nishimura R, Sasaki N, Doi K. Cellular proliferative and telomerase activtiy in canine mammary gland tumors. Vet Pathol 2000; 37: 177 - 183.
Madewell BR, Gandour-Edwards R, Edwards BF, Walls JE, Griffey SM. Topographic distribution of bc1-2 protein in feline tissues in health and neoplasia. Vet Pathol 1999; 36: 565 - 573.
Madewell BR, Gandour-Edwards R, Edwards BF, Matthews KR, Griffey SM. Bax/bcl-2: cellular modulator of apoptosis in feline skin and basal cell tumours. J Comp Pathol 2001; 124: 115 - 121.
Phillips BS, Kass PH, Naydan DK, Winthrop MD, Griffey SM, Madewell BR. Apoptotic and proliferation indexes in canine lymphoma. J Vet Diagn Invest 1999; 12: 111 - 117.
Roels S, Tilmant K, Ducatelle R. p53 expression and apoptosis in melanomas of dogs and cats. Res Vet Sci 2001; 70: 19 - 25.
Nicholls PK, Moore PF, Anderson DM, et al. Regression of canine oral papillomas is associated with infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. Virology 2001; 283: 31 - 39.
Dow SW, Elmslie RE, Wilson AP, Gorman C, Potter TA. In vivo tumor transfection with superantigen plus cytokine genes induces tumor regression and prolongs survival in dogs with malignant melanoma. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 2406 - 2414.
Korkolopoulou P, Oates J, Kittos C, Crocker J. p53, c-myc, p62 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. J Clin Pathol 1994; 47: 9 - 14.
Levine RA, Fleischli MA. Inactivation of p53 and retinoblastoma family pathways in canine osteosarcoma cell lines. Vet Pathol 2000; 37: 54 - 61.
Mendoza S, Konishi T, Dernell WS, Withrow SJ, Miller CW. Status of the p53, Rb and MDM2 genes in canine osteosarcoma. Anticancer Res 1998; 18: 4449 - 4453.
Nambiar PR, Jackson ML, Ellis JA, Chelack BJ, Kidney BA, Haines DM. Immunohistochemical detection of tumor suppressor gene p53 protein in feline injection site-associated sarcomas. Vet Pathol 2001; 38: 236 - 238.
Nasir L, Rutteman GR, Reid SW, Schulze C, Argyle DJ. Analysis of p53 mutational events and MDM2 amplification in canine soft-tissue sarcomas. Cancer Lett 2001; 174: 83 - 89.
Rungsipipat A, Tateyama S, Yamaguchi R, Uchida K, Miyoshi N, Hayashi T. Immunohistochemical analysis of c-yes and c-erbB-2 oncogene products and p53 tumor suppressor protein in canine mammary tumors. J Vet Med Sci 1999; 61: 27 - 32.
Veldhoen N, Stewart J, Brown R, Milner J. Mutations of the p53 gene in canine lymphoma and evidence for germ line p53 mutations in the dog. Oncogene 1998; 16: 249 - 255.
Veldhoen N, Watterson J, Brash M, Milner J. Identification of tumour-associated and germ line p53 mutations in canine mammary cancer. Br J Cancer 1999; 81: 409 - 415.
Wakui S, Muto T, Yokoo K, et al. Prognostic status of p53 gene mutation in canine mammary carcinoma. Anticancer Res 2001; 21: 611 - 616.
Griffey SM, Kraegel SA, Madewell BR. Rapid detection of K-ras gene mutations in canine lung cancer using single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19: 959 - 963.
Merryman JI, Buckles EL, Bowers G, Neilsen NR. Overexpression of c-Ras in hyperplasia and adenomas of the feline thyroid gland: an immunohistochemical analysis of 34 cases. Vet Pathol 1999; 36: 117 - 124.
Watzinger F, Mayr B, Gamerith R, Vetter C, Lion T. Comparative analysis of ras proto-oncogene mutations in selected mammalian tumors. Mol Carcinog 2001; 30: 190 - 198.
Mayr B. Cytogenetic and tumour suppressor gene studies on feline soft tissue tumours. Vet Med Czech 2000; 45: 327 - 330.
Kolb E. Patho-biochemical aspects of the development of tumors in the dog. Tierarztliche Umschau 2001; 56: 128 - 134.
Nasir L, Devlin P, Mckevitt T, Rutteman G, Argyle DJ. Telomere lengths and telomerase activity in dog tissues: a potential model system to study human telomere and telomerase biology. Neoplasia 2001; 3: 351 - 359.
Yazawa M, Okuda M, Setoguchi A, et al. Measurement of telomerase activity in dog tumors. J Vet Med Sci 1999; 61: 1125 - 1229.
Yazawa M, Okuda M, Setoguchi A, et al. Telomere length and telomerase activity in canine mammary gland tumors. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62: 1539 - 1543.
Lana SE, Ogilvie GK, Hansen RA, Powers BE, Dernell WS, Withrow SJ. Identification of matrix metalloproteinases in canine neoplastic tissue. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61: 111 - 114.
Leibman NF, Lana SE, Hansen RA, et al. Identification of matrix metalloproteinases in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14: 583 - 586.
Yokota H, Kumata T, Taketaba S, et al. High expression of 92 kDa type IV collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-9) in canine mammary adenocarcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1568: 7 - 12.
MacEwen EG, Kutzke J, Carew J, et al. C-Met tyrosine kinase receptor expression and function in human and canine osteosarcoma cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2003; 20: 421 - 430.
MacEwen EG, Pastor J, Kutzke J, et al. IGF-1 receptor expression and function contribute to the malignant phenotype in human and canine osteosarcoma. J Cell Biochem 2002; submitted.
Ferracini R, Angelini P, Cagliero E, et al. MET oncogene aberrant expression in canine osteosarcoma. J Orthop Res 2000; 18: 253 - 256.
Matsuyama S, Nakamura M, Yonezawa K, et al. Expression patterns of the erbB subfamily mRNA in canine benign and malignant mammary tumors. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63: 949 - 954.
London CA, Kisseberth WC, Galli SJ, Geissler EN, Helfand SC. Expression of stem cell factor receptor (c-kit) by the malignant mast cells from spontaneous canine mast cell tumors. J Comp Pathol 1996; 115: 399 - 414.
Ma Y, Longley BJ, Wang X, Blount JL, Langley K, Caughey GH. Clustering of activating mutations in c-KIT’s juxtamembrane coding region in canine mast cell neoplasms. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112: 165 - 170.
Reguera MJ, Rabanal RM, Puigdemont A, Ferrer L. Canine mast cell tumors express stem cell factor receptor. Am J Dermatopathol 2000; 22: 49 - 54.
Liao AT, Chien MB, Shenoy N, et al. Inhibition of constitutively active forms of mutant kit by multitargeted indolinone tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Blood 2002; 100: 585 - 593.
Clifford CA, Mackin AJ, Henry CJ. Treatment of canine hemangiosarcoma: 2000 and beyond. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14: 479 - 485.
Clifford CA, Hughes D, Beal MW, et al. Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with hemangiosarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 2001; 15: 131 - 135.
Allen DK, Waters DJ, Knapp DJ, Kuczek T. High urine concentrations of basic fibroblast growth factor in dogs with bladder cancer. J Vet Intern Med 1996; 10: 231 - 234.
Wetterman C, Chun R, Winter B, Ross C. RT-PCR cloning and sequencing of vascular endothelial growth factor in canine osteosarcoma. Proc Vet Cancer Soc 1999; 19: 30.
Alexander AN, Huelsmeyer MK, Vail DM, Kurzman ID. Phase I/II clinical trial utilizing a tumor cell vaccine encoding xenogeneic gp 100 in canine patients with metastatic melanoma: immunological and clinical outcomes. In: Proceedings of the American Association Cancer Research, San Francisco, April 6 - 10, 2002.
Huelsmeyer MK, Alexander AN, Thamm DH, Vail DM, MacEwen EG. Development of a genetically modified allogeneic tumor cell vaccine targeting canine melanoma. In: Proceedings of the Americna Association Cancer Research, San Francisco, CA, April 6 - 10, 2002.
Crow SE. Lymphosarcoma in the dog: diagnosis and treatment. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 1982; 4: 283 - 289.
Leifer CE, Matus RE. Canine lymphoma: clinical considerations. Semin Vet Med Surg 1986; 1: 43 - 51.
Rosenthal RC. Epidemiology of canine lymphosarcoma. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 1982; 4: 855 - 859.
Owen LN, ed. World Health Organization TNM Classification ofTumors in Domestic Animals. Geneva,: WHO. 1980.
Anonymous. The non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma pathologic classification project: National Cancer Institute sponsored study of classifications of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Summary and description of a Working Formulation for Clinical Usage. Cancer 1982; 49: 2112.
Teske E, Rutteman GR, Kuipers-Dijkshoorn NJ, et, al. DNA ploidy and cell kinetics in canine non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Exp Hematol 1993; 21: 579 - 584.
Carter RF, Valli VEO, Lumsden JH. The cytology, histology and prevalence of cell types in canine lymphoma classified according to the National Cancer Institute Working Formulation. Can J Vet Res 1986; 50: 154 - 164.
Greenlee PG, Fillipps DA, Quimby FW. Lymphomas in dogs. Cancer 1990; 66: 480 - 490.
Teske E, van Heerde P, Rutteman GR, Kurzman ID, Moore PF, MacEwen EG. Prognostic factors for treatment of malignant lymphoma in dogs. JAm Vet Med Assoc 1994; 205: 1722 - 1728.
Hahn KA, Richardson RC, Hahn EA, Chrisman CL. Diagnostic and progostic importance of chromosomal aberrations identified in 61 dogs with lymphosarcoma. Vet Pathol 1994; 31: 528 - 540.
Keller ET, MacEwen EG, Rosenthal RC, Helfand SC, Fox LE. Evaluation of prognostic factors and sequential combination chemotherapy with doxorubicin for canine lymphoma. J Vet Intern Med 1993; 7: 289 - 295.
Baskin CR, Couto CG, Wittum TE. Factors influencing first remission and survival in 145 dogs with lymphoma: a retrospective study. JAm Hosp Assoc 2000; 36: 404 - 409.
Brons PPT, Raemaekers JMM, Bogman MJJT. Cell cycle kinetics in malignant lymphoma studied with in vivo iodeoxyuridine administration, nuclear Ki-67 staining, and flow cytometry. Blood 1992; 80: 2336 - 2343.
Mikou P, Kanavaros P, Aninos D. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) staining and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) gastric lymphomas. Pathol Res Pract 1993; 189: 1004 - 1009.
Jakic-Razumovic J, Tentor D, Petrovecki M, Radman I. Nuclear organizer regions and survival in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma classified by the working formulation. J Clin Pathol 1993; 46: 943 - 947.
Crocker J, Nar P. Nucleolar organizer regions in lymphomas. J Pathol 1987; 151: 111 - 118.
Crocker J, McCartney JC, Smith PJ. Correlation between DNA flow cytometric and nucleolar organizer region data in non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. J Pathol 1988; 154: 151 - 156.
Gorczyca W, Kram A, Tuziak T. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen in archival surgical specimens of malignant lymphoma and metastatic carcinoma: immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analysis. Pathol Polska 1993; 44: 121 - 128.
Brick JO, Roenigk WJ, Wilson GP. Chemotherapy of malignant lymphoma in dogs and cats. JAm Vet Med Assoc 1968; 153: 47 - 52.
Vail DM. Recent advances in chemotherapy for lymphoma of dogs and cats. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 1993; 15: 1031 - 1037.
Garrett LD, Thamm DH, Chun R, Dudley R, Vail DM. Evaluation of a six-month chemotherapy protocol with no maintenance therapy for dogs with lymphoma. J Vet Intern Med 2002; 16: 704 - 709.
Bergman PJ, Ogilvie GK, Powers BE. Monoclonal antibody C219 immunohistochemistry against P-glycoprotein: sequential analysis and predictive ability in dogs with lymphoma. J Vet Intern Med 1996; 10: 354 - 359.
Lee JJ, Hughes CS, Fine RL, Page RL. P-glycoprotein expression in canine lymphoma. Cancer 1986; 77: 1892 - 1898.
Steingold SF, Sharp NJ, McGahan MC, Hughes CS, Dunn SE, Page RL. Characterization of canine MDR1 mRNA: its abundance in drug resistant cell lines and in vivo. Anticancer Res 1998; 18: 393 - 400.
Gamblin RM, Sagartz JE, Couto CG. Overexpression of p53 tumor suppressor protein in spontaneously arising neoplasms of dogs. Am J Vet Res 1997; 58: 857 - 863.
Vail DM, Kravis LD, Cooley AJ, Chun R, MacEwen EG. Preclinical trial of doxorubicin entrapped in sterically stabilized liposomes in dogs with spontaneously arising malignant tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1997; 39: 410 - 416.
Thamm DH, MacEwen EG, Phillips BS, et al. Preclinical study of dolastatin-10 in dogs with spontaneous neoplasia. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2002; 49: 251 - 255.
Page RL, Macy DW, Ogilvie GK. Phase III evaluation of doxorubicin and whole-body hyperthermia in dogs with lymphoma. Int J Hyperthermia 1992; 8: 187 - 197.
Applebaum FR, Deeg HJ, Storb R. Marrow transplant studies in dogs with malignant lymphoma. Transplantation 1985; 39: 499 - 504.
Weiden PL, Storb R, Deeg HJ, et al. Prolonged disease-free interval in dogs with lymphoma after total-body irradiation and autologous marrow transplantation consolidation of combination-chemotherapyinduced remissions. Blood 1979; 54: 1039 - 1049.
Hardy Jr WD. The feline leukemia virus. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1981; 17: 951 - 957.
Hardy Jr WD, Zuckerman EE, MacEwen EG, et al. A feline leukemia and sarcoma virus-induced tumor specific antigen. Nature 1977; 270: 249 - 251.
Cockerell GL, Krakowa S, Hoover EA. Characterization of feline T- and B-lymphocytes and identification of an experimentally induced T-cell neoplasm in the cat. JNatl Cancer Inst 1976; 57: 907 - 913.
Hardy Jr WD, McClelland AJ, Zuckerman EE, et al. Development of virus nonproducer lymphosarcomas in pet cats exposed to FeLV. Nature 1980; 288: 90 - 92.
Rojko JL, Kociba GJ, Abkowitz JL, et al. Feline lymphomas: immunological and cytochemical characterization. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 345 - 351.
Vail DM, Moore AS, Ogilvie GK, Volk LM. Feline lymphoma (145 cases): proliferation indices, CD3 immunoreactivity, and their associateion with prognosis in 90 cats. J Vet Intern Med 1998; 12: 349 - 354.
Mauldin GE, Mooney SC, Meleo KA, et al. Chemotherapy in 132 cats with lymphoma: 1988-1994. In: Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of Veterinary Cancer Society,Tuscon, AZ, 1995. Vol. 15.
Poli A, Abramo F, Baldinotti F, Pistello M, Da Prato L, Bendinelli M. Malignant lymphoma associated with experimentally induced feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J Comp Pathol 1994; 1 10: 319 - 328.
Shelton GH, Grant CK, Cotter SM, Gardner MB, Hardy WD Jr, DiGiacomo RF. Feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infections and their relationships to lymphoid malignancies in cats: a retrospective study (1968-1988). JAcquirlmmunodef Syndr 1990; 3: 623 - 630.
Valli VE, Jacobs RM, Norris A, et al. The histologic classification of 602 cases of feline lymphoproliferative disease using the National Cancer Institute working formulation. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000; 12: 295 - 306.
Hardy WD Jr. Hematopoietic tumors of cats. JAm Anim Hosp Assoc 1981; 17: 921 - 940.
Mooney SC, Hayes AA, MacEwen EG, Matus RE, Geary A, Shurgot BA. Treatment and prognostic factors in lymphoma in cats: 103 cases (1977-1981). JAm Vet Med Assoc 1989; 194: 696 - 702.
Theilen GH, Madewell BR. Tumors of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. In: Theilen GN, Madewell BR, eds. Veterinary Cancer Medicine. Philadelphia: Lea Febinger, 1979: 123 - 191.
McNiel EA. Vaccine-associated sarcomas in cats: a unique cancer model. Clin Orthop 2001; 382: 21 - 27.
Hendrick MJ, Goldschmidt MH, Shofer FS, Wang YY, Somlyo AP. Postvaccinal sarcomas in the cat: epidemiology and electron probe microanalytical identification of aluminum. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 5391 - 5394.
Hendrick MJ, Kass PH, McGill LD, Tizard IR. Postvaccinal sarcomas in cats. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 341 - 343.
Kass PH, Barnes WGJ, Spangler WL, Chomel BB, Culbertson MR. Epidemiologic evidence for a causal relation between vaccination and fibrosarcoma tumorigenesis in cats. JAm Vet Med Assoc 1993; 203: 396 - 405.
Hardy WD Jr. The etiology of canine and feline tumors. JAm Anim Hosp Assoc 1976; 12: 313 - 334.
Madewell BR, Theilen GN. Etiology of cancer in animals. In: Theilen GN, Madewell BR, eds. Veterinary Cancer Medicine. Philadelphia: Lea Febinger. 1979: 13 - 25.
McEntee MC, Page RL. Feline vaccine-associated sarcomas. J Vet Intern Med 2001; 15: 176 - 182.
Kuntz CA, Dernell WS, Powers BE, Devitt C, Straw RC, Withrow SJ. Prognostic factors for surgical treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas in dogs: 75 cases (1986-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 211: 1147 - 1151.
Cohen M, Wright JC, Brawner WR, Smith AN, Henderson R, Behrend EN. Use of surgery and electron beam irradiation, with or without chemotherapy, for treatment of vaccine-associated sarcomas in cats: 78 cases (1996-2000). JAm Vet Med Assoc 2001; 219: 1582 - 1589.
Atwater SW, LaRue SW, Powers BE, Withrow SJ. Adjuvant radiotherapy of soft-tissue sarcomas in dogs. In: Proceedings of the 12thAnnual Conference of the Veterinary Cancer Society, Pacific Grove, CA, Oct 18 - 21, 1992.
McKnight JA, Mauldin GN, McEntee MC, Meleo KA, Patnaik AK. Radiation treatment for incompletely resected soft-tissue sarcomas in dogs. JAm Vet Med Assoc 2000; 17: 205 - 210.
Forrest LJ, Chun R, Adams WM, Cooley AJ, Vail DM. Postoperative radiotherapy for canine soft tissue sarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14: 578 - 582.
Prescott DM, Charles HC, Sostman HD, et al. Manipulation of intra-and extracellular pH in spontaneous canine tumors by use of hyperglycemia. Int J Hyperthermia 1993; 9: 745 - 754.
Prescott DM, Samulski TV, Dewhirst MW, et al. Use of nitroprusside to increase tissue temperature during local hyperthermia in normal and tumor-bearing dogs. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992; 23: 377 - 385.
Thrall DE, Dewhirst MW, Page RL, et al. A comparison of temperatures in canine solid tumors during local and whole-body hyperthermia administered alone and simultaneously. IntJHyperthermia 1990; 6: 305 - 317.
Dewhirst MW, Prescott DM, Clegg S, et al. The use of hydralazine to manipulate tumor temperatures during hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 1990; 6: 971 - 983.
Gillette SM, Dewhirst MW, Gillette EL, et al. Response of canine soft tissue sarcomas to radiation or radiation plus hyperthermia: a randomized phase II study. Int J Hyperthermia 1992; 8: 309 - 329.
Page RL, Thrall DE, George SL, et al. Quantitative estimation of the thermal dose-modifying factor for cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) in tumor-bearing dogs. Int J Hyperthermia 1992; 8: 761 - 769.
Sostman HD, Prescott DM, Dewhirst MW, et al. MR imaging and spectroscopy for prognostic evaluation in soft-tissue sarcomas. Radiology 1994; 190: 269 - 275.
Prescott DM, Charles HC, Sostman HD, et al. Therapy monitoring in human and canine soft tissue sarcomas using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 28: 415 - 423.
Oksanen A. Hemangiosarcoma in dogs. J Comp Pathol 1978; 88: 585 - 595.
Brown NO, Patnaik AK, MacEwen EG. Canine hemangiosarcoma: retrospective analysis of 104 cases. JAm Vet Med Assoc 1985; 186: 56 - 58.
Kline Li, Zook BC, Munson TO. Primary cardiac hemangiosarcoma in dogs. JAm Vet Med Assoc 1970; 157: 326 - 337.
Spangler WL, Culbertson MR. Prevalence, type, and importance of splenic diseases in dogs: 1,480 cases (1985-1989). JAm Vet Med Assoc 1992; 200: 829 - 834.
Nikula KJ, Benjamin SA, Angleton GM, Saunders WJ, Lee AC. Ultraviolet radiation, solar dermatosis, and cutaneous neoplasia in beagle dogs. Radiat Res 1992; 129: 11 - 18.
Johnson KA, Powers BE, Withrow SJ, et al. Splenomegaly in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1989; 3: 160 - 166.
Hammer AS, Couto CG, Filppi J, et al. Efficacy and toxicity of VAC chemotherapy (vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) in dogs with hemangiosarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 1991; 5: 160 - 166.
Sorenmo KU, Jeglum KA, Helfand SC. Chemotherapy of canine splenic hemangiosarcoma with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. J Vet Intern Med 1993; 7: 370 - 376.
Vail DM, MacEwen EG, Kurzman ID, et al. Liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine adjuvant immunotherapy for splenic hemangiosarcoma in the dog: a randomized multi-institutional clinical trial. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1: 1165 - 1170.
Fidler IJ. Macrophages and metastasis-a biological approach to cancer therapy. Cancer Res 1985; 45: 4714 - 4726.
Kleinerman ES, Fidler IJ. Systemic activation of macrophages by liposomes containing immunomodulators. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Biologic Therapy of Cancer. Philadelphia: Lippincott. 1995: 829 - 839.
Inadomi T, Fujioka A, Suzuki H. A case of malignant hemangioendothelioma showing response to interkeukin-2 therapy. Br J Dermatol 1992; 127: 442 - 449.
Hershey AE, Kurzman ID, Moore AS, et al. Efficacy of combined inhalational doxorubicin and systemic doxorubicin/cytoxan for adjuvant treatment of canine splenic hemangiosarcoma. In: Proceedings of the 18th Annual ACVIM Forum, Seattle, WA, 2000.
Sorenmo K, Duda L, Barber L, et al. Canine hemangiosarcoma treated with standard chemotherapy and minocycline. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14: 395 - 398.
Brodey RS. The use of naturally occurring cancer in domestic animals for research into human cancer: general information and a review of canine skeletal osteosarcoma. Yale J Biol Med 1979; 52: 345 - 361.
Withrow SJ, Powers BE, Straw RC, Wilkins RM. Comparative aspects of osteosarcoma. Clin Orthop 1991; 270: 159 - 168.
Vail DM, Kurzman ID, Glawe PC, et al. STEALTH liposome-encapsulated cisplatin (SPI-77) versus carboplatin as adjuvant therapy for spontaneously arising osteosarcoma (OSA) in the dog: a randomized multicenter clinical trial. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2002; 50: 131 - 136.
Garzotto CK, Berg J, Hoffmann WE, Rand WM. Prognostic significance of serum alkaline phosphatase activity in canine appendicular osteosarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14: 587 - 592.
Ehrhart N, Dernell WS, Hoffmann WE, Weigel RM, Powers BE, Withrow SJ. Prognostic importance of alkaline phosphatase activity in serum from dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma: 75 cases (19901996). JAm Vet Med Assoc 1998; 213: 1002 - 1006.
Spodnick GJ, Berg RJ, Rand WM, et al. Prognosis for dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma treated by amputation alone: 162 cases (1978-1988). JAm Vet Med Assoc 1992; 200: 995 - 999.
Brodey RS, Abt DA. Results of surgical treatment in 65 dogs with osteosarcoma. JAm Vet Med Assoc 1976; 168: 1032 - 1035.
Berg J, Weinstein MJ, Springfield DS, Rand WM. Results of surgery and doxorubicin chemotherapy in dogs with osteosarcoma. JAm Vet Med Assoc 1995; 206: 1555 - 1560.
Bergman PJ, MacEwen EG, Kurzman ID, et al. Amputation and carboplatin for treatment of dogs with osteosarcoma: 48 cases (1991-1993). J Vet Intern Med 1995; 10: 76 - 81.
Straw RC, Withrow SJ, Richter SL, et al. Amputation and cisplatin for treatment of canine osteosarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 1991; 5: 205 - 210.
MacEwen EG, Kurzman ID, Rosenthal RC, et al. MLV-MTP-PE with cisplatin in canine osteosarcoma model. A randomized trial. In: Novak JF, MacMaster JH, eds. Frontiers in Osteosarcoma Research. Toronto: Hogrefer and Huber. 1993: 117 - 119.
MacEwen EG, Kurzman ID, Rosenthal RC, et al. Therapy for osteosarcoma in dogs with intravenous injection of liposome encapsulated muramyl tripeptide. JNatl Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 935 - 938.
MacEwen EG, Kurzman ID, Helfand S, et al. Current studies of liposome muramyl tripeptide (CGP 19835A Lipid) therapy for metastasis in spontaneous tumors: a progress review. J Drug Target 1994; 2: 391 - 396.
Kurzman ID, MacEwen EG, Rosenthal RC. Therapy for osteosarcoma in dogs with combined liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide and cisplatin. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1: 1595 - 1601.
Straw RC, Withrow SJ, Brekke JH, et, al. The effects of cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum II released from D,L-polylactic acid implants adjacent to cortical allografts in dogs. J Orthop Res 1994; 12: 871 - 877.
Sliverberg E, Lubera J. Cancer statistics. CA 1987; 37: 2 - 19.
Schneider R, Dorn CR, Taylor DON. Factors influencing canine mammary cancer development and postsurgical survival. J Natl Cancer Inst 1969; 43: 1249 - 1261.
Sorenmo KU, Shofer FS, Goldschmidt MH. Effect of spaying and timing of spaying on survival of dogs with mammary carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14: 266 - 270.
Nieto A, Pena L, Perez-Alenza MD, Sanchez MA, Flores JM, Castano M. Immunohistologic detection of estrogen receptor alpha in canine mammary tumors: clinical and pathologic associations and prognostic significance. Vet Pathol 2000; 37: 239 - 247.
Sartin EA, Barnes S, Kwapien RP, et al. Estrogen and progesterone receptor status of mammary carcinomas and correlation with clinical outcome. Am J Vet Res 1992; 53: 2196 - 2200.
Rutteman GR, Misdorp W, Blankenstein MA, et al. Oestrogen (ER) and progestin receptors (PR) in mammary tissue of the female dog: different receptor profile in malignant and nonmalignant states. Br J Cancer 1988; 58: 594 - 599.
MacEwen EG, Patnaik AK, Harvey HJ, et al. Estrogen receptors in canine mammary tumors. Cancer Res 1982; 42: 2255 - 2259.
Martin PM, Cotard M, Mialot JP, et al. Animal models for hormone-dependent human breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1984; 2: 13 - 17.
Morris JS, Dobson JM, Bostock DE. Use of tamoxifen in the control of mammary neoplasia. Vet Rec 1993; 133: 539 - 542.
Gilbertson SR, Kurzman ID, Zachrau RE, Hurvitz AI, Black MM. Canine mammary epithelial neoplasms: biologic implications of morphologic characteristics assessed in 232 dogs. Vet Pathol 1983; 20: 127 - 142.
Misdorp W, Cotchin E, Hampe JF, Jabara AG, von Sandersleben J. Canine malignant mammary tumours. I. Sarcomas. Vet Pathol 1971; 8: 99 - 117.
Misdorp W, Cotchin E, Hampe JF, et, al. Canine malignant mammary tumors. II. Adenocarcinomas, solid carcinomas, and spindle cell carcinomas. Vet Pathol 1972; 9: 447 - 470.
Misdorp W, Cotchin E, Hampe JF, Jabara AG, von Sandersleben J. Canine malignant mammary tumors. III. Special types of carcinomas, malignant mixed tumors. Vet Pathol 1973; 10: 241 - 256.
Hellmen E, Moller M, Blankenstein MA, Andersson L, Westermark B. Expression of different phenotypes in cell lines from canine mammary spindle-cell tumours and osteosarcomas indicating a pluripotent mammary stem cell origin. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000; 61: 197 - 210.
Silver SA, Tavassoli FA. Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the breast: a clinicopathologic analysis of 50 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1998; 22: 925 - 933.
Kurzman ID, Gilbertson SR. Prognostic factors in canine mammary tumors. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1986; 1: 25 - 32.
Hellmen E, Bergstrom R, Holmberg L, Spangberg IB, Hansson K, Lindgren A. Prognostic factors in canine mammary tumors: a multivariate study of 202 consecutive cases. Vet Pathol 1993; 30: 20 - 27.
MacEwen EG, Harvey HJ, Patnaik AK, et al. Evaluation of effects of levamisole and surgery on canine mammary cancer. J Biol Response Mod 1985; 4: 418 - 426.
Parodi AL, Misdorp W, Mialot JP, et al. Intratumoral BCG and Corynebacterium parvum therapy of canine mammary tumours before radical mastectomy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1983; 15: 172 - 177.
Bostock DE, Gorman NT. Intravenous BCG therapy of mammary carcinoma in bitches after surgical excision of the primary tumour. Eur J Cancer 1978; 14: 8789 - 883.
Hayes HMJ, Milne K, Mandell CP. Epidemiological features of feline mammary carcinoma. Vet Rec 1981; 108: 476 - 479.
Elling H, Ungemach FR. Progesterone receptors in feline mammary cancer cytosol. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1981; 100: 325 - 327.
Johnston SD, Hayden DW, Kiang DT, Handschin B, Johnson KH. Progesterone receptors in feline mammary adenocarcinomas. Am J Vet Res 1984; 45: 397 - 382.
Rutteman GR, Blankenstein MA, Minke J, Misdorp W. Steroid receptors in mammary tumours of the cat. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1991; 125 (suppl): 32 - 37.
Weijer K, Hart AA. Prognostic factors in feline mammary carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 70: 709 - 716.
MacEwen EG, Hayes AA, Harvey HJ, Patnaik AK, Mooney S, Passe S. Prognostic factors for feline mammary tumors. JAm Vet Med Assoc 1984; 185: 201 - 204.
Jeglum K, A, deGuzman E, Young KM. Chemotherapy of advanced mammary adenocarcinoma in 14 cats. JAm Vet Med Assoc 1985; 187: 157 - 1650.
Mauldin G, Matus R, Patnaik A. Efficacy and toxicity of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide used in the treatment of selected malignant tumors in 23 cats. J Vet Intern Med 1988; 2: 60 - 65.
MacEwen EG, Hayes AA, Mooney S, et al. Evaluation of effect of levamisole on feline mammary cancer. J Biol Response Mod 1984; 3: 541 - 546.
Rutten VP, Misdorp W, Gauthier A, et al. Immunological aspects of mammary tumors in dogs and cats: a survey including own studies and pertinent literature. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1990; 26: 211 - 225.
Fox LE, MacEwen EG, Kurzman ID, et al. Liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine for the treatment of feline mammary adenocarcinoma-a multicenter randomized double-blind study. Cancer Biother 1995; 10: 125 - 130.
Hoyt RF, Withrow SJ. Oral malignancy in the dog. JAm An Hosp Assoc 1982; 20: 83 - 92.
Harvey HJ, MacEwen EG, Braun D, Patnaik AK, Withrow SJ, Jongeward S. Prognostic criteria for dogs with oral melanoma. JAm Vet Med Assoc 1981; 178: 580 - 582.
MacEwen EG, Patnaik AK, Harvey HJ, Hayes AA, Matus R. Canine oral melanoma: comparison of surgery versus surgery plus Corynebacterium parvum. Cancer Invest 1986; 4: 397 - 402.
Page RL, Thrall DE, Dewhirst MW, et, al. Phase I study of melphalan alone and melphalan plus whole body hyperthermia in dogs with malignant melanoma. Int J Hyperthermia 1991; 7: 559 - 566.
Rassnick KM, Ruslander DM, Cotter SM, et al. Use of carboplatin for treatment of dogs with malignant melanoma: 27 cases (1989-2000). JAm Vet Med Assoc 2001; 218: 1444 - 1448.
Blackwood L, Dobson JM. Radiotherapy of oral malignant melanomas in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 209: 98 - 102.
Bateman KE, Catton PA, Pennock PM, Kruth SA. 0-7-21 radiation therapy for the palliation of advanced cancer in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1994; 8: 394 399.
Proulx DR, Ruslander DM, Dodge RK, et al. A retrospective analysis of 140 dogs with oral melanoma treated with external beam radiation. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2003; 44: 352 - 359.
MacEwen EG, Kurzman ID, Vail DM, et al. Adjuvant therapy for melanoma in dogs: results of randomized clinical trials using surgery, liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide, and GM-CSF. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5: 4249 - 4258.
Hogge GS, Burkholder JK, Culp J, et al. Development of hGM-CSF transfected tumor cell vaccines in spontaneous canine cancer. Human Gene Ther 1998; 9: 1851 - 1861.
Walsh P, Gonzalez R, Dow S, et al. A phase I study using direct combination DNA injections for the immunotherapy of metastatic melanoma. University of Colorado Cancer Center Clinical Trial. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11: 1355 - 1368.
Knapp DW, Glickman NW, DeNicola DB, et al. Naturally occurring canine transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a relevant model of human invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2000; 5: 47 - 59.
Helfand SC, Hamilton TA, Hungerford LL, et al. Comparison of three treatments for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in the dog. J Am An Hosp Assoc 1994; 30: 270 - 275.
Chun R, Knapp DW, Widmer WR, et al. Cisplatin treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs: 18 cases (1983-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 209: 1588 - 1591.
Moore AS, Cardona A, Shapiro W, et al. Cisplatin (cisdiamminedichloroplatinum) for treatment of transitional call carcinoma of the urinary bladder or urethra: a retrospective study of 15 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1990; 4: 148 - 152.
Marynissen JP, Jansen H, Star WM. Treatment system for whole bladder wall photodynamic therapy with in vivo monitoring and control of light dose rate and dose. J Urol 1989; 142: 1351 - 1355.
Nseyo UO, Dougherty TJ, Boyle DG, Potter WR. Study of factors mediating effect of photodynamic therapy on bladder in canine bladder model. Urology 1988; 32: 41 - 45.
Nseyo UO, Whalen RK, Lundahl SL. Canine bladder response to red and green light whole bladder photodynamic therapy. Urology 1993; 41: 392 - 396.
Knapp DW,. Richardson RC, Chan TC, et al. Piroxicam therapy in 34 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. J Vet Intern Med 1994; 8: 273 - 278.
Knapp DW, Glickman NW, Widmer WR, et al. Cisplatin versus cisplatin combined with piroxicam in a canine model of human invasive urinary bladder cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2000; 46: 221 - 226.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vail, D.M., Thamm, D.H. (2004). Spontaneously Occurring Tumors in Companion Animals as Models for Drug Development. In: Teicher, B.A., Andrews, P.A. (eds) Anticancer Drug Development Guide. Cancer Drug Discovery and Development. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-739-0_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-739-0_12
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-9841-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-739-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive