Abstract
The temperature of a flame must be known in order to calculate convective and radiative heat transfer rates, which control pool-fire burning rates, flame spread rates, remote ignitions, damage to exposed items (e.g., structural steel, wiring), and response of thermal fire detectors or automatic sprinklers.
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Notes
- 1.
In place of partial pressures, the concentrations of the species in moles/liter can be used in these formulae instead (see Chap. 13).
- 2.
If \( {H}^{\mathrm{o}}-{H}_{298}^{\mathrm{o}} \) is not available from a table, it may be evaluated from the equation \( {H}^{\mathrm{o}}-{H}_{298}^{\mathrm{o}}={\displaystyle {\int}_{298}^T{C}_p\kern0.5em dT}. \) For C3H8, Cp = 0.09 kJ/mol⋅K at 298 K.
References
J. van’t Hoff, cf. G. Lewis, M. Randall, K. Pitzer, and L. Brewer, Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York (1961).
D.R. Stull and H. Prophet, JANNAF Thermochemical Tables, 2nd ed., NDRS-NBS 37, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC (1971).
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Nomenclature
- C p
-
Heat capacity at constant pressure (kJ/molâ‹…K)
- ΔE o
-
Energy of products relative to energy of reactants, all at temperature T and 1Â atm (kJ/mol)
- ΔF o
-
Free energy of products relative to free energy of reactants, all at temperature T and 1Â atm (kJ/mol)
- ΔH o
-
Enthalpy of products relative to enthalpy of reactants, all at temperature T and 1Â atm (kJ/mol)
- K
-
Equilibrium constant (based on partial pressures expressed in atmospheres)
- K
-
Degrees Kelvin
- n
-
Number of moles (e.g., a mole of oxygen is 32Â g)
- p i
-
Partial pressure of ith species (atm)
- p
-
Total pressure (atm)
- R
-
Gas constant (kJ/mol â‹… K)
- ΔS o
-
Entropy of products relative to entropy of reactants, all at temperature T and 1Â atm (kJ/mol)
- T
-
Absolute temperature (K)
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© 2016 Society of Fire Protection Engineers
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Friedman, R. (2016). Chemical Equilibrium. In: Hurley, M.J., et al. SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_6
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