Abstract
Regarding sexual offending, the available empirical data indicate that explicitly sexual factors may not always appear to be singularly determinant or at least may not appear to be present or identifiable not always present or determinant of sexual offending. Nonsexual characteristics, predominantly personality and related conditions, show similar correlations to explicitly sexual factors with future acts of sexual offending. Numerous theorists have suggested that sexual offending may be primarily or exclusively the result of nonsexual risk factors for certain individuals and in certain contexts. Thus, theory and research have identified the central role that varying aspects of personality and related conditions play in sexual offending as well as more generally, criminal and violent offending. A review of contemporary scientific perspectives on aspects of personality, motivation and emotion, self-control, self-regulation, and executive functioning in relation to impulsivity and disinhibition. The nature and role of maladaptive personality and related conditions relative to criminal, violent, and sexual offending is considered. Theoretically identified and empirically demonstrated nonsexual factors are reviewed. A perspective is developed that primary motivational dispositions including affective and attitudinal conditions (“motivators”) interact with primary deficits in self-control (“disinhibitors”) in particular contexts to predispose particular individuals to sexual offending. Both motivators and disinhibitors are activated and/or enacted by particular situational opportunities and constraints (e.g., contextually). It is concluded that multiple personality and related conditions exist which potentiate and play key causal roles in sexual offending in perceived permissive contexts, either on their own or in the presence of general and specific heightened sexual fantasies, interests, arousal and urges arousal.
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Notes
- 1.
Unfortunately, as Barkley (2012b) has noted, the measurement tasks typically utilized to assess EF (e.g., neuropsychological instruments) lack ecological validity for many issues, creating potential issues for generalization to real-life unstructured, novel situations. Nonetheless, the presence of deficits in EF in controlled evaluation sessions clearly suggests the probability of such deficits in novel, “real-world” settings.
- 2.
In distinction, compulsivity refers to repetitive behaviors that are performed according to certain rules or in a stereotypical fashion and if resisted lead to negative affect. Impulsivity is more associated with pleasure seeking. Compulsivity is a tendency to repeat the same, seemingly purposeless acts, which are sometimes associated with undesirable consequences. Both impulsivity and compulsivity can be viewed as volitional impairment, with compulsivity more apparently driven by cognitive factors. Sexual behavior can be a product of compulsivity, but sexual offenses are more likely to be impulsive in nature.
- 3.
Cornell et al. (1996) developed a coding scheme that included planning, goal-directedness, provocation, arousal, severity of violence, relationship to victim, intoxication, and psychosis.
- 4.
Some writers have distinguished between the truly grandiose narcissist and the “vulnerable” narcissists.
- 5.
It should be noted that Markon and Krueger (2005) also found that conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder were not related in the manner generally believed; conduct disorder did not appear to be a necessary prerequisite for adult antisocial behavior disorders. Other investigators have made similar findings, although the presence of conduct disorder may identify a particularly persistent form of ASPD. However, per Robins (1978) and Moffitt (1993), early-onset antisocial behavior was a “sturdy” predictor of persistent antisocial behavior over time.
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Hoberman, H.M. (2016). Personality and Sexual Offending; Non-Sexual Motivators and Disinhibition in Context. In: Phenix, A., Hoberman, H. (eds) Sexual Offending. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2416-5_8
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