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Relevant Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology

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Bladder Dysfunction in the Adult

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Urology ((CCU))

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Abstract

The main components of the lower urinary tract (LUT) consist of the urinary bladder and the urethra forming a functional unit. The bladder wall contains a transitional urothelium separated from the underlying lamina propria by a basal lamina, a smooth muscle layer (detrusor), and an adventitial layer. The urethra contains a squamous urothelium, lamina propria, and a smooth muscle layer and is surrounded by a striated muscle sphincter. The main receptor populations in the LUT are muscarinic receptors mediating contraction of the bladder, α-adrenoceptors mediating contraction of the outflow region, and β-adrenoceptors mediating bladder relaxation. The function of the bladder and urethra is coordinated and controlled by the central and peripheral nervous systems via an interplay between afferent nerves, sending signals to the periaqueductal gray and the pontine micturition center in the CNS, and via efferent signals in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nervous systems.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. AIAS, Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Karl-Erik Andersson M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA

    Karl-Erik Andersson M.D., Ph.D.

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  1. Karl-Erik Andersson M.D., Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Karl-Erik Andersson M.D., Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Alan J. Wein

  2. Aarhus University, AIAS, Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus, Denmark

    Karl-Erik Andersson

  3. Urological Institute, University of Bristol and Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

    Marcus J. Drake

  4. Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

    Roger R. Dmochowski

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© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Andersson, KE. (2014). Relevant Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology. In: Wein, A., Andersson, KE., Drake, M., Dmochowski, R. (eds) Bladder Dysfunction in the Adult. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0853-0_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0853-0_1

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  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-0852-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0853-0

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