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Preclinical Foundations: Relevant Anatomy and Physiology

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Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine Retinopathy

Abstract

Reviewing the preclinical science relevant to the mechanisms and risk factors for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy can solidify clinical understanding of that condition. This chapter gathers the scattered and often difficult-to-access pertinent facts and concepts.

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Abbreviations

4AQs:

4-Aminoquinolines (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine)

APC:

Antigen presenting cell

4AQR:

4-Aminoquinoline retinopathy

BM:

Bruch’s membrane

BRB:

Blood–retina barrier

C:

Concentration

CpG ODN:

CpG oligodeoxynucleotide

CD:

CD number

CD3:

Cluster of differentiation T3 cell co-receptor

CD74 gene:

Cluster of differentiation 74 gene

D:

Daily dose in mg/kg

DN cells:

Double negative cells

DP cells:

Double positive cells

EC50:

Effective concentration 50 %

ELM:

External limiting membrane

FAZ:

Foveal avascular zone

GCL:

Ganglion cell layer

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

IFNα:

Interferon alpha

Ii:

Invariant chain

IκκK complex:

Inhibitor of kappa B kinase complex

IL:

Interleukin

ILM:

Internal limiting membrane

INL:

Inner nuclear layer

IPL:

Inner plexiform layer

IRAK:

Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase

IS/OS:

Inner segment/outer segment

K:

Rate constant for elimination

μm:

Micrometer

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

miRNA:

MicroRNA

nm:

Nanometer

NEMO:

Nuclear factor-κβ essential modifier regulatory subunit

NF-κβ:

Nuclear factor-κβ

NFL:

Nerve fiber layer

NLRs:

Nucleotide-binding and oligomerizing domain-like receptors

OCT:

Optical coherence tomography

OPL:

Outer plexiform layer

ONL:

Outer nuclear layer

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

RA:

Rheumatoid arthritis

RCS:

Royal College of Surgeons

RPC:

Radial peripapillary capillary

RPE:

Retinal pigment epithelium

SD-OCT:

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography

SLE:

Systemic lupus erythematosus

SP cells:

Single positive cells

TCR:

T cell receptor

TCR–CD3:

T cell receptor–cluster of differentiation 3T cell co-receptor complex

TD-OCT:

Time domain optical coherence tomography

Th cells:

Helper T cells

Treg cells:

Regulatory T cells

V:

Volume of distribution

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Browning, D.J. (2014). Preclinical Foundations: Relevant Anatomy and Physiology. In: Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine Retinopathy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0597-3_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0597-3_1

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