Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mechanical Behavior of Sea Ice

  • Chapter
The Geophysics of Sea Ice

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series

Abstract

This review deals with properties of sea ice that are relevant to mechanical behavior on a fairly small scale. The main concern is with polycrystalline ice that is more or less intact. This sets the lower limit of scale not far below 0.1 m, and the upper limit around 10 m. However, the discussion is extended to cover the behavior of fragmented ice over broader areas. The latter discussion is intended to bridge the gap between this review, which relates to small-scale natural processes and engineering problems, and companion reviews, which deal with the mechanics of sea ice over very large areas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abele, G. and G. Frankenstein (1967) Snow and ice properties as related to runways in Antarctica. USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Technical Report 176, 37 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, D.L. (1958) Preliminary results and review of sea ice elasticity and related studies. Trans. Eng. Inst. Can., 2 (3): 116–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, D.L. (1960) The physical constants of sea ice. Research, 13 (8): 310–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babel, H.W. and G. Sines (1968) A triaxial fracture interior for porous brittle materials. J. Basic Eng., Trans. ASME, June: 285–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, R.W. (1978) The influence of ice crystal size on creep. J. Glaciol., 21 (85): 485–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.H. (1963) Elasticity and strength of sea ice. In Ice and Snow: Properties, Processes, and Applications ( W.D. Kingery, Ed.), MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., p. 79–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butkovich, T.R. (1954) Ultimate strength of ice. USA Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Research Report 11, 12 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butkovich, T.R. (1956) Strength studies of sea ice. USA Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Research Report 20, 15 P

    Google Scholar 

  • Butkovich, T.R. (1959) On the mechanical properties of sea ice, Thule, Greenland, 1957. USA Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Research Report 54, 20 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, D. (1970) Brittle fracture of snow ice. In Proceedings, IAHR Symposium, Ice and Its Action on Hydraulic Structures, Reykjavik, Iceland, Paper 5. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, G.F.N, and W.F. Weeks (1982) Equations for determining the gas and brine volumes in sea ice samples. USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Report 82–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, G.F.N., J. Richter, W.F. Weeks, M. Mellor and H. Bosworth (1984) The mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice, Phase I: Test results. USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Report 84–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Currier, J.H. and E.M. Schulson (1982) The tensile strength of ice as a function of grain size. Acta Metallurgica, 30: 1511–1514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durham, W.B., H.C. Heard and S.H. Kirby (1982) Deformation of ice at pressures to 350 MPa at 77 to 195 K. EOS, 63(45): 1094, T51B-01.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duval, P. and H. LeGac (1980) Does the permanent creep-rate of polycrystallinè ice increase with crystal size ? J. Glaciol., 25 (91): 151–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dykins, J.E. (1970) Ice engineering-tensile properties of sea ice grown in a confined system. U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Technical Report R689.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, N.H. (1970) The Chemical Physics of Ice. Cambridge University Press, 271 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederking, R. (1977) Plane-strain compressive strength of columnar-grained and granular-snow ice. J. Glaciol., 18 (80): 505–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederking, R.M.W. and G.W. Timco (1980) NRC ice property measurements during the CANMAR KIGORIAK trials in the Beaufort Sea, winter 1979–80. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, NRCC 18722, 63 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederking, R.W. and G.W. Timco (1981) Mid-winter mechanical properties of ice in the southern Beaufort Sea. In POAC 81: Proceedings, Sixth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, Vol. 1, p. 225–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, L.W. (1958) Some observations of the dependence of strain on stress for ice. Can. J. Phys., 36 (10): 1265–1275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, L.W. (1977) Engineering properties of fresh-water ice. J. Glaciol., 19 (81): 197–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, D.J. (1979) Critical stress intensity (Kjq) measurements at high loading rates for polycrystallinè ice. In Physics and Mechanicsof Ice ( P. Tryde, Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 129–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, D.J. and D. Tabor (1978) Fracture toughness of ice: A preliminary account of some new experiments. J. Glaciol., 21: 651–660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamza, H. and D.B. Muggeridge (1979) Plain strain fracture toughness (Kjc) of fresh water ice. In POAC 79: Proceedings, Fifth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, University of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway, Vol. 1, p. 697–707.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hausler, F.U. (1981) Multiaxial compressive strength tests on saline ice with brush-type loading platens. In Proceedings, IAHR International Symposium on Ice, Quebec, Canada, Vol. II, p. 526–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkes, I. and M. Mellor (1970) Uniaxial testing in rock mechanics laboratories. Engineering Geology, 4 (3): 177–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkes, I. and M. Mellor (1972) Deformation and fracture of ice under uniaxial stress. J. Glaciol., 11 (61): 103–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, F.D. (1973) Tensile strength of ice under triaxial stresses. USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Research Report 312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, F.D. (1978) Effect of temperature on the strength of snow-ice. USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Report 78–27, 18 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, F.D. and M. Mellor (1977) Measuring the uniaxial compressive strength of ice. J. Glaciol., 19 (81): 213–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hétenyi, M. (1946) Beams on Elastic Foundation. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 255 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, P.V. (1974) Ice Physics. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 837 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaeger, J.C. and N.G.W. Cook (197 6) Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics. Chapman and Hall/John Wiley, New York, 585 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S.J. (1978) Triaxial testing of polycrystalline ice. In Proceedings, Third International Conference on Permafrost, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, National Research Council of Canada, p. 670–674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S.J. and H.A.M. Chew (1981) On the grain size dependence of secondary creep. J. Glaciol., 27 (97): 517–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keinonen, A. and T. Nyman (1978) An experimental model-scale study of the compressible, frictional and cohesive behavior of broken ice mass. In IAHR Symposium on Ice Problems, Lulea, Sweden, Part 2, p. 335–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, A.D. (1980) On the buckling force of floating ice plates. In Physics and Mechanics of Ice ( P. Tryde, Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 163–178.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kohnen, H. (1972) Seismic and ultrasonic measurements on the sea ice of Eclipse Sound near Pond Inlet, N.W.T. in northern Baffin Island. Polarforschung, 44 (2): 66–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, A., W.F. Weeks and F. Michitti (1969) Variation of some mechanical properties of polar snow, Camp Century, Greenland. USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Research Report 276, 33 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, A. and D.S. Sodhi (1980) Shore ice pile-up and ride-up: Field observations, models, theoretical analyses. Cold Reg. Sci. Tech., 2: 209–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lainey, L. and R. Tinawi (1981) Parametric studies of sea-ice beams under short and long term loading. In Proceedings, IAHR International Symposium on Ice, Quebec, Canada, p. 440–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langleben, M.P. (1982) Water drag coefficient of first-year sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 87 (61): 573–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langleben, M.P. and E.R. Pounder (1963) Elastic parameters of sea ice. In Ice and Snow: Properties, Processes and Applications ( W.D. Kingery, Ed.), MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., p. 69–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H.W. and K.J. Miller (1979) Fracture toughness of fresh water ice. J. Glaciol., 22 (68): 135–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maâttânen, M. (1976) On the flexural strength of brackish water ice by in-situ tests. In Proceedings, Third International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA, Vol. 1, p. 349–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellor, M. (1975) A review of basic snow mechanics. In Symposium on Snow Mechanics, Grindelwald, Switzerland, International Commission on Snow and Ice, IAHR Publication 114, p. 251–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellor, M. (1979) Mechanical properties of polycrystallinè ice. In Physics and Mechanics of Ice ( P. Tryde, Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 217–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellor, M. (1980) Ship resistance in thick brash ice. Cold Reg. Sci. Tech., 3 (4): 305–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellor, M. and R. Testa (1969) Effect of temperature on the creep of ice. J. Glaciol., 8 (52): 131–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellor, M. and I. Hawkes (1971) Measurement of tensile strength by diametral compression of discs and annuli. Engineering Geology, 5: 173–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mellor, M. and D.M. Cole (1982) Deformation and failure of ice under constant stress or constant strain-rate. Cold Reg. Sci. Tech., 5 (3): 201–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellor, M. and D.M. Cole (1983) Stress/strain/time relations for ice under uniaxial compression. Cold Reg. Sci. Tech., 6 (3): 207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K.J. (1979) The application of fracture mechanics to ice problems. In Physics and Mechanics of Ice ( P. Tryde, Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 265–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murat, J.-R. and L.M. Lainey (1982) Some experimental observations on the Poisson’s ratio of sea ice. Cold Reg. Sci. Tech., 6 (2): 105–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murrell, S.A.F. (1963) A criterion for brittle fracture of rocks and concrete under triaxial stress and the effect of pore pressure on the criterion. In Rock Mechanics ( T. Fairhurst, Ed.), Proceedings, Fifth Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Pergamon Press, p. 563–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nippon Kokan (NKK) (n.d.) Ice engineering, Part I. Study on ice force on offshore structure.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nippon Kokan (NKK) (n.d.) Ice engineering. Printed technical document produced by NKK, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paige, R.A. and C.W. Lee (1967) Preliminary studies on sea ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, during Deep Freeze 65. J. Glaciol., 6 (46): 515–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panov, V.V. and N.V. Fokeev (197 7) Compression strength of sea ice specimens under complex loading. Probl. Arkt. Antarkt., 49: 81–86 (English translation, p. 97–104).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmerter, R.R. and M.D. Coon (1972) Model of pressure ridge formation in sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 77 (33): 6565–6575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peyton, H.R. (1966) Sea ice strength. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Report UAG R-182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prodanovic, A. (1979) Model tests of ice rubble strength. In POAC 79: Proceedings, Fifth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, University of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway, Vol. I, p. 89–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, T.D. (1980) Yield and plastic deformation in ice crushing failure. In Sea Ice Processes and Models ( R.S. Pritchard, Ed.), University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, p. 234–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saeki, H. and A. Ozaki (1981) Experimental study on flexural strength and elastic modulus of sea ice. In POAC 81: Proceedings, Sixth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, Vol. 1, p. 536–547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandkvist, J. (1981) Conditions in brash ice covered channels with repeated passages. In POAC 81: Proceedings, Sixth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, Vol. 1, p. 244–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, J. (1971) The pressure of floating ice-fields on piles. In Proceedings, IAHR Symposium, Ice and Its Action on Hydraulic Structures, Reykjavik, Iceland, Paper 6. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, J. (1975) On the flexural strength and elasticity of saline ice. In Proceedings, Third International Symposium on Ice Problems ( G. Frankenstein, Ed.), Hanover, New Hampshire, IAHR, Committee on Ice Problems, p. 373–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, J. and W.F. Weeks (1977) Engineering properties of sea ice. J. Glaciol., 19 (81): 499–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, J. et al. (1981) Standardized testing methods for measuring mechanical properties of ice. Cold Reg. Sci. Tech., 4 (3): 245–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwerdtfeger, P. (1963) The thermal properties of sea ice. J. Glaciol., 4 (36): 789–807.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, L.H., R.C. Metzner and J.B. Johnson (1981) Fracture toughness of sea ice. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, for Shell Development Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, N.K. (1978a) Short-term rheology of polycrystalline ice. J. Glaciol., 21 (85): 457–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, N.K. (1978b) Rheology of columnar-grained ice. Experimental Mechanics, 18 (12): 464–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, N.K. (1981a) Rate sensitivity of compressive strength of columnar-grained ice. Experimental Mechanics: 209–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, N.K. (1981b) Constant stress rate deformation modulus of ice. In POAC 81: Proceedings, Sixth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, Vol. 1, p. 216–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, N.K. (1981c) Comparative study of ice strength data. In Proceedings, IAHR International Symposium on Ice, Quebec, Canada, p. 421–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, N.K. and R. Frederking (1979) Effect of test system stiffness on strength of ice. In Proceedings, Fifth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, University of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway, p. 708–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabata, T. (1958) Studies on the visco-elastic properties of sea ice. In Arctic Sea Ice, U.S. National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council, Pub. 598, p. 139–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabata, T. (1960) Studies of the mechanical properties of sea ice. V: Measurement of flexural strength. Low Temp. Sci., A(19): 187–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabata, T. (1966) Studies of the mechanical properties of sea-ice. X: The flexural strength of small sea-ice beams. Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, Contribution 793.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabata, T. (1967) Studies of the mechanical properties of sea ice: The flexural strength of small sea ice beams. In Physics of Snow and Ice ( H. Oura, Ed.), Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, p. 481–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabata, T., K. Fujino and M. Aota (1967) Studies of the mechanical properties of sea ice. XI: The flexural strength of sea ice in situ. In Physics of Snow and Ice (H. Oura, Ed.), Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, Vol. I, Pt. 1, p. 539–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabata, T., Y. Suzuki and M. Aota (1975) Ice study in the Gulf of Bothnia. II: Measurements of flexural strength. Low Temp. Sci., A(33): 199–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabata, T., T. Kawamura and T. Takizawa (1976) Arctic sea ice research. I: Measurements of flexural strength of small sea ice beams. Low Temp. Sci., A(34): 201–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinawi, R. and J.-R. Murat (1977) Sea-ice testing in flexure. In POAC 77: Proceedings, Fourth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions ( D.B. Muggeridge, Ed.), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada p. 638–653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traetteberg, A., L.W. Gold and R. Frederking (1975) The strain rate and temperature dependence of Young’s modulus of ice. In Proceedings, Third International Symposium on Ice Problems ( G. Frankenstein, Ed.), Hanover, New Hampshire, IAHR Committee on Ice Problems, p. 479–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urabe, N., T. Iwasaki and A. Yoshitake (1980) Fracture toughness of sea ice. Cold Reg. Sci. Tech., 3 (1): 29–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urabe, N. and A. Yoshitake (1981a) Fracture toughness of sea ice: In-situ measurement and its application. In POAC 81: Proceedings, Sixth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, Vol. 1, p. 356–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urabe, N. and A. Yoshitake (1981b) Strain rate dependent fracture toughness (Kjcj) Pure an(* sea ice. In Proceedings, IAHR International Symposium on Ice, Quebec, Canada, p. 410–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaudrey, K.D. (1977) Ice engineering: Study of related properties of floating sea-ice sheets and summary of elastic and visco-elastic analyses. U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Technical Report R860, 79 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y.S. (1979a) Crystallographic studies and strength tests of field ice in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In POAC 79: Proceedings, Fifth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, University of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway, Vol. 1, p. 651–665.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y.S. (1979b) Sea ice properties. In Technical Seminar on Alaskan Beaufort Gravel Island Design, Exxon, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y.S. (1981) Uniaxial compression testing of arctic sea ice. In POAC 81: Proceedings, Sixth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, Vol. 1, p. 346–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, W.F. and A. Assur (1967) The mechanical properties of sea ice. USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Monograph II - C3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, W.F. and A. Assur (1969) Fracture of lake and sea ice. USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Research Report 269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, R.T., A. Prodanovic and K.W. Wood (1981) Determination of the shear properties of ice rubble. In Proceedings, IAHR International Symposium on Ice, Quebec, Canada, Vol. II, p. 648–658.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755-1290, USA

    Malcolm Mellor

Authors
  1. Malcolm Mellor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Norbert Untersteiner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mellor, M. (1986). Mechanical Behavior of Sea Ice. In: Untersteiner, N. (eds) The Geophysics of Sea Ice. NATO ASI Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5352-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5352-0_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-5354-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-5352-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation