Abstract
Lipids are one of the main dietary components that serve several functions in foods and nutrition. They could be endogenous or deliberately included in food. The basic molecules of lipids undergo different chemical reactions during refining, processing and storage. Some of these chemical reactions enhance the usage and functionality of food lipids. This chapter discusses the chemical changes of lipids during various processing operations. Specific changes in the minor constituents of lipids are also included.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abou-Gharbia, H.A.; Shahidi, F.; Shehata, A.A.Y.; Youseff, M.M. Oxidative stability of extracted sesame oil from raw and processed seeds. J. Food Lipids, 1996, 3, 59–72.
Abou-Gharbia, H.A.; Shahidi, F.; Shehata, A.A.Y.; Youseff, M.M. Effects of processing on oxidative stability of sesame seed oil extracted from intact and dehulled seeds. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1997, 74, 215–221.
Akoh, C.C.; Jennings, B.H.; Lillard, D.A. Enzymatic modification of trilinolein; incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1995, 72, 1317–1321.
Akoh, C.C.; Jennings, B.H.; Lillard, D.A. Enzymatic modification of evening primrose oil, incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1996, 73, 1059–1062.
Alencar, J.W.; Alves, P.B.; Craveiro, A.A. Pyrolysis of tropical vegetable oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1983, 31, 1268–1270.
Belitz, H.D.; Grosch, W. Food Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987; pp. 128–200.
Bimbo, A.P. Technology of production and industrial utilization of marine oils. In Marine Biogenic Lipids, Fats and Oils; Ackman, R.G., Ed., CRC Press Inc. Boaca Raton, Florida, 1989; pp. 401–433.
Bimbo, A.P.; Crowther, J.B. Fish oils: Processing beyond crude oil. Infofish Int. 1991, 6, 20–25.
Boki, K.; Shinoda, S.; Ohno, S. Effects of filtering through bleaching media on decrease of peroxide value of autoxidized soybean oil. J. Food Sci. 1989, 54, 1601–1603.
Breivik, H. N-3 concentrates: A Scandinavian view-point. AOCS short courses. Modern Application of Marine Oils, 1992, May 7–8, Toronto, ON.
Buziassy, C; Nawar, W.W. Specify in thermal hydrolysis of triglycerides. J. Food Sci. 1968, 33, 305–307.
Carr, R.A. Refining and degumming systems for edible fats and oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1978, 55, 765–771.
Chang, S.S.R.; Peterson, R.J.; Ho, C-T. Chemistry of deep fat fried flavor. In Lipids as a Source of Flavor; Supton, M.K., Ed. American Chemical Society, Washington DC. 1978; pp. 18–41.
Chang S.S. Processing of fish oils. In Fish Oils; Stansby, M.E., Ed., AVI Publishing Co., West Port, Connecticut, 1967; pp. 206–221.
Cowan, J.C. Degumming, refining, bleaching and deodorization theory. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1976, 53, 344–346.
deMan, J.M. Principles of Food Chemistry, Second Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York, 1990; pp. 36–88.
Davidek, J.; Velisek, J.; Pokorny, J. Chemical Changes During Food Processing. Elsevier Science Pub. Co. Inc. New York, 1990; pp. 169–229.
Dinamarca, E.; Garrido, F.; Valenzuela, A. A simple high vacuum distillation equipments for deodorizing fish oil for human consumption. Lipids 1990, 25, 170–171.
Doi, H.; Urakami, C. Evaluation of heated frying oils. II. Components in subfractions of polar triglycerides from heat-treated soybean oil. J. Japanese Oil Chem. Soc. [Yakagaku] 1976, 25, 831–841.
Endres, J.G.; Bhalerao, V.R.; Kumerow, F.A. Thermal oxidation of synthetic triglycerides II. Analysis of the volatile condensable and non-condensable phases. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1962, 39, 159–162.
Foglia, T.A.; Petruso, K.; Feariheller, S.H. Enzymatic interesterification of tallow-sunflower oil mixtures. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1993, 55, 281–285.
Frankel, E.N. Lipid oxidation. Prog. Lipid Res. 1980, 19, 1–22.
Frankel, E.N. Volatile lipid oxidation products. Prog. Lipid Res. 1982, 22, 1–33.
Fukuda, Y; Isobe, M.; Nagata, M.; Osawa, T.; Namiki, M. Acidic transfprmation of sesamolin, the sesame oil constituent into an antioxidant bisepoxylignan sesaminol. Heterocycles 1986a, 24, 923–926.
Fukuda, Y; Nagata, M.; Osawa, T.; Namiki, M. Contribution of lignan analogues to antioxidative activity of refined unroasted sesame seed oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 1986b, 63, 1027–1031.
Fukuda, Y.; Nagata, M.; Osawa, T.; Namiki, M. Chemical aspects of the antioxidative activity of roasted sesame seed oil and the effects of using the oil for frying. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1986c, 50, 857–862.
Fukuda, Y.; Osawa, T.; Kawakishi, S.; Namiki, M. Oxidative stability of foods fried with sesame oil. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi 1988, 35, 28–32.
Fukuda, Y Antioxidants in sesame seeds and their applications. Shokuhin 1992, 35(6), 30–37.
Fukuda, Y; Osawa, T.; Kawakishi, S.; Namiki, M. Chemistry of lignan antioxidants in sesame seed and oil. Phyto-chemicals for Cancer Prevention II, Ho, C-T.; Osawa, T.; Huang, M-T; Rosen, R.T., Eds., American Chemical Society; Washington D.C. 1994; pp. 264–274.
Gavin, A.M.; Edible oil deodorization. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1978, 55, 783–791.
Gunstone, F.D. Chemical properties. In The Lipid Handbook. 2nd edition; Gunstone, F.D.; Harwood, J.L.; Padley, F.B., Eds., Chapman and Hall, New York, 1994; pp. 561–604.
Haraldsson, G.G.; Hoskuldsson, P.A.; Sigurdsson, S.T.; Thorsteinsson, F.; Gudbjarnason, S. The preparation of triglycerides highly enriched with Δ-3polyunsaturated fatty acids via lipase catalysed interesterification. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 1671–1674.
Higman, E.B.; Schmeltz, I.; Higman, H.C.; Chortyk, O.T. Studies on the thermal degradation of naturally occurring materials II. Products from the pyrolysis of triglycerides at 400°C. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1973, 21, 202–204.
Hustedt, H.H. Interesterification of edible oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1976, 53, 390–392.
Jachamanian, I.; Mukherjee, K.D. Esterification and interesterification reaction catalysed by acetone powder from germinating rapeseed. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1996, 73, 1527–1532.
Kimoto, H.; Endo, Y; Fujimoto, K. Influence of interesterification on the oxidative stability of marine oil triacyl-glycerols. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1994, 71, 470–473.
Kinoshita, S.; Yamanishi, T. Identification of basic aroma components of roasted sesame seeds. J. Agric. Chem. Soc. Japan 1973, 47, 731–739.
Kwon, T.W.; Snyder, H.E.; Brown, H.G. Oxidative stability of soybean oil at different stages of refining. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1984, 61, 1843–1846.
Lee, C.F. Processing of fish meal and oil. In Industrial Fishery Technology; Stansby, M.E., Ed., Reinhold Publishing Co. New York, 1963; pp. 219–235.
Lee, Y.G.; Lim, S.U.; Kim, J.O. Influence of roasting conditions on the flavor quality of sesame seed oil. J. Korean Agric. Chem. Soc. 1993, 36, 407–415.
Lein, Y.C.; Nawar, W.W. Thermal decomposition of tricaproin. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1973, 50, 76–78.
Lin, C.F.; Hsieh, T.C.Y; Crowther, J.B.; Bimbo, A.P. Efficiency of removing volatiles from menhaden oils by refining, bleaching and deodorization. J. Food Sci. 1990, 55, 1669–1672.
List, G.R.; Mounts, T.L.; Warner, K.; Heakin, A.J. Steam-refined soybean oil I. Effect of refining and degumming methods on oil quality. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 1978a, 55:277–279.
List, G.R.; Mounts, T.L.; Heakin, A.J. Steam-refined soybean oil II. Effect of degummimg methods on removal of prooxidants and phospholipids. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc.55:280–284.
List, G.R.; Mounts, T.L. Partially hydrogenated-winterzed soybean oil. In Handbook of Soy Oil Processing and Utilization; Erickson, R.R.; Pryde, E.H.; Brekke, O.L.; Mounts, T.L.; Falb, R.A., Eds., American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, IL, 1980; Chapter 12.
Lorant, B. Kinetic studies on the thermal decomposition of fats. Nahrung 1977, 21, 491–496.
Manley, C.H.; Vallon, P.P.; Erikson, R.E. Some aroma components of roasted sesame seed J. Food Sci. 1974, 39, 73–76.
Morgan, D.A.; Shaw, D.B.; Sidebottm, M.J.; Soon, T.C.; Taylor, R.S. The function of bleaching earths in the processing of palm, palm kernal and coconut oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1985, 62, 292–299.
Namiki, M. Antioxidants/antimutagens in foods. CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 1990, 29(4), 273–300.
Nawar, W.W. Thermal and radiolytic decomposition of lipids. In Chemical changes in Food During Processing; Richardson, T.; Finely, J.W., Eds., AVI Pub. Co. Westport, CT, 1985; pp. 79–105.
Nawar, W.W. Lipids In Food Chemistry Third edition; Fennema, O.R., Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1996, pp. 225–319.
Noble, A.C.; Nawar, W.W. Identification of decomposition products from autoxidation of methyl 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoate. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1975, 52, 92–95.
Noble, A.C.; Buziassy, C; Nawar, W.W. Thermal hydrolysis of some natural fats. Lipids, 1967, 2, 435–436.
Osawa, T.; Nagata, M.; Namiki, M.; Fukuda, Y. Sesamolinol: A novel antioxidant isolated from sesame seeds. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1985, 49, 3351–3352.
Padley, F.B.; Gunstone, F.D.; Harwood, J.L. Occurence and characteristics of oils and fats. In The Lipid Handbook. 2nd edition; Gunstone, F.D.; Harwood, J.L.; Padley, F.B., Eds., Chapman and Hall, New York, 1994; pp. 47–224.
Paulose, M.M.; Chang, S.S. Chemical reactions involved in the deep-fat frying of foods VIII. Characterization of non-volatile decomposition products of triolein. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1978, 55, 375–380.
Park, D.; Maga, J.A.; Johnson, D.L. Chemical changes in toasted crude canola and sesame seed oil. J. Food Lipids 1996a, 3, 1–12
Park, D.; Maga, J.A.; Johnson, D.L.; Morini, G. Major volatiles in toasted canola oil. J. Food Lipids 1996b, 2, 249–258.
Prior, E.M.; Vadke, V.S.; Sosulski, F.W. Effect of heat treatment on canola press oils I. Non-triglyceride components. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1991a, 68, 401–406.
Prior, E.M.; Vadke, V.S.; Sosulski, F.W. Effect of heat treatment on canola press oils II. Oxidative stability. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1991b, 68, 407–411.
Pokorny, J. Flavor chemistry of deep fat frying in oil. In Flavor chemistry of Lipid Foods; Min, D.B.; Smouse, T.H., Eds., American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, IL, 1989; pp. 113–155.
Richardson, L.L. Use of bleaching clay in processing of edible oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1978, 55, 771–780.
Schieberle, P. Odor-active compounds in moderately roasted sesame. Food Chem. 1996, 55, 145–152.
Shahidi, F.; Amarowicz, R.; Abou-Gharbia, H.A.; Shehata, A.A.Y. Endogenous antioxidants and stability of sesame seed oil as affected by processing and storage. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1997a, 74, 143–148.
Shahidi, F.; Aishima, T.; Abou-Gharbia, H.A.; Youssef, M.; Shehata, A.A.Y. Effect of processing on flavour precursor amino acids and volatiles of sesame paste (tehina). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1997b, 74, 667–678.
Sonnet, P.E. Lipase selectivities. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1988, 65, 900–904.
Sreenivasan, B. Interesterification of fats J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1978, 55, 796–805.
Syed Rahmatullah, M.S.K.; Shukla, V.K.S.; Mukherjee, K.D. γ-Linolenic acid concentrates from borage and evening primrose oil via lipase catalysed esterification. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1994, 71, 563–567.
Sridhar, R.; Lakshminarayana, G. Incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid docosahexaenoic acids into groundnut oil by lipase-catalysed ester interchange. J. Am. Oll Chem. Soc. 1992, 69, 1041–1042.
Takai, Y; Nakatani, Y; Kobayashi, A. ; Yamanishi, T. Studies on the aroma of sesame oil: Intermediate and high boiling compounds. J. Agric. Chem. Soc. Japan. 1969, 43, 667–674.
Umano, K.; Shibamoto, T. Analysis of acrolein from heated cooking oils and beef fat. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1987, 35, 909–912.
Van Gastel, A.; Mathur, R.; Roy, V.V.; Rukmini, C. Ames mutagenicity tests of repeatedly heated edible oils. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1984, 22, 403–405.
Varela, G.; Bender, A.E.; Morton, I.D. Frying of Food: Principles, Changes and New Approaches. Ellis Harwood Ltd., Chichester, England, 1988.
Wada, S.; Koizumi, C. Influence of random interesterification on the oxidation rate of soybean oil triglyceride. J. Japanese Oil Chem. Soc. [Yakagaku] 1986, 35, 549–553.
Wanasundara, U.N. Marine Oils, Stabilization, Structural Characterization and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Concentration. Ph.D. thesis, 1996, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada.
Wiedermann, L.H. Degummimg, refining and bleaching of soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1981, 58, 159–166.
Yen, G-C. Influence of seed roasting process on the changes in composition and quality of sesame (Sesamum in-dicum) oil. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1990, 50, 563–570.
Yen, G-C; Shyu, S-L. Oxidative stability of sesame oil prepared from sesame seed with different roasating temperatures. Food Chem. 1989, 31, 215–224.
Yoshida, H. Composition and quality characteristics of sesame (Sesmum indicum) seed oil roasted at different temperatures in an electric oven. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1994, 65, 331–336.
Yoshida, H.; Kajimoto, G. Effects of microwave treatment on the trypsin inhibitor and molecular species of triglycerides in soybean. J. Food Sci. 1988, 53, 1756–1760.
Yoshida, H.; Kajimoto, G. Effects of microwave energy on the tocopherols of soybean seeds. J. Food Sci. 1989, 54, 1596–1600.
Yoshida, H; Kajimoto, G., Microwave heating affects composition and oxidative stability of sesame (Sesmum indicum) oil. J. Food Sci. 1994, 59, 613–616, 625.
Yoshida, H.; Hirooka, N.; Kajimoto, G. Microwave energy effects on quality of some seed oils. J. Food Sci. 1990, 55, 1412–1416.
Yoshida, H.; Hirooka, N.; Kajimoto, G. Relationship between oxidative stability of vitamin E and production of fatty acids in oils during microwave heating. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1991a, 68, 566–570.
Yoshida, H.; Hirooka, N.; Kajimoto, G. Microwave heating effects on relative stabilities of tocopherols in oils. J. Food Sci. 1991b, 56, 1042–1046.
Yoshida, H.; Shigezaki, J.; Takagi, S.; Kajimoto, G. Variations in the composition of various acyl lipids, tocopherols and lignans in sesame seed oil roasted in microwave oven. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1995, 68, 407–415.
Young, F.V.K.; Poot, C; Biernoth, E.; Krog, N., Davidson, N.G.J.; Gunstone, F.D. Processing of oils and fats. In The Lipid Handbook. 2nd edition, Gunstone, F.D.; Harwood, J.L.; Padley, F.B., Eds., Chapman and Hall, New York, 1994; pp. 249–318.
Yuki, E.; Ishikawa, Y; Okabe, T. The composition of fatty acids in frying oils and hydrolysis during deep fat frying. J. Japanese Oil Chem. Soc. [Yakagaku] 1974, 23, 489–493.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wanasundara, P.K.J.P.D., Shahidi, F. (1998). Process-Induced Changes in Edible Oils. In: Shahidi, F., Ho, CT., van Chuyen, N. (eds) Process-Induced Chemical Changes in Food. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 434. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1925-0_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1925-0_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1927-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1925-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive