Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Scanning Probe Microscopy Imaging and Characterization of Biological Structures from Biomolecules to Living Cells

  • Chapter
Atomic Force Microscopy/Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Abstract

Much progress has been made on the imaging and characterization of biological structures using scanning probe microscopy (SPM) since the first images were reported on DNA almost a decade ago. SPM has now demonstrated its utility in imaging a diverse group of biological structures ranging from biomolecular and macromolecular structures to supramolecular structures and even living biological cells. It is now apparent that SPM has the potential to yield unique insight into biological structure and function. However, more work is needed to better understand probe-sample interactions, better define sample preparatory and SPM operational conditions, and develop independent image interpretation methods before the full potential of SPM imaging of biomolecular structures can be realized. Progress made in these areas will also help delineate the specific utility of the SPM methods (STM and AFM) for imaging biologicals. This is particularly true for larger biological structures, such as cells, which pose unique challenges and opportunities for SPM. This paper reviews the progress made to date on the SPM imaging and characterization of biomolecular structures from macromolecules to living cells and their self-assemblies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. S.R. Snyder and I-1.S.Whitc, Scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and related techniques, Anal.Chem., 64 (12): 116R - 133R (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. J.A. Golovchenko, The tunneling microscope: a new look at the atomic world, Science, 232: 48–53 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. M.E. Welland and M.E. Taylor, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, in: “Modern Microscopies: Techniques and Applications,” Duke, P.J., and Michette, A.G., eds., Plenum Press, New York N.Y. (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  4. R.J. Behm, N. Garcia, H. Rohrer, “Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Methods” Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  5. C.J. Chen, “Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy,” Oxford University Press, Oxford (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  6. D.A. Bonne11, “Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy and Spectroscopy,” VCH Publishers, Inc., New York (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  7. O. Marti and M. Amrein, “STM and SFM in Biology,” Acad. Press, Inc., San Diego (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  8. D. Sarid, “Scanning Force Microscopy: With Applications to Electric, Magnetic, and Atomic Forces” Oxford University Press, New York, NY (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  9. V.B. Pizziconi and D.L. Page, Elucidation of macromolecular assemblies: use of scanning tunneling microscopy for molecular bioengineering of cellular self-assemblies in molecular device design, in: Macromolecular assemblies in polymeric systems, Stroeve, P., Balazs, A.C., eds., ACS Symposum Series 493: 256–277 (1992).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. V.B.Pizziconi and D.L.Page, Image and characterization of macromolecular interface structures for whole cell biosensors”, in: Synthetic Microstructures in Biological Research, Schnur, J. and Peckerar, M., eds., Plenum Press, New York, NY (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  11. G.H. Binnig, H. Rohrer., Ch.Gerber, E.Wiebel., Surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49: 57–61 (1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. G. Binnig and H. Rohrer, Scanning tunneling microscopy, Surface Sci. 126: 236–244 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Mou, W. Sun, J. Yan, W.S. Yang, C. Liu, Z. Zhai, Q. Xu, and Y. Xie, Underwater scanning tunneling microscopy of organic and biological molecules, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (3): 1566–1569, (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. L. Feng, J.D. Andrade, and C.Z. Hu, Scanning tunneling microscopy of proteins on graphite surfaces, Scanning Microscopy 3 (2): 399–410 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. L. Siperko and W. Landis, Atomic scale imaging of hydroxyapatite and brushite in air by force microscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61 (21): 2610–2612 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. V.J. Morris, T.J. McMaster, A.P. Gunning, J. Mingins, A.S. Tatham, and E. Mitchell, Scanning tunneling microscopy of biological macromolecules, Polymer Preprints, 33 (1): 737–738 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. M.J. Miles, T. McMaster, H.J. Carr, A.S. Tatham, P.R. Shewry, J.M. Field, P.S. Belton, D. Jeenes, B. Hanley, M. Whittam, P. Cairns, V.J. Morris, and N. Lambert, Scanning tunneling microscopy of biomolecules, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A8 (1): 698–702 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. T.J. McMaster, H. Carr, M.J. Miles. P. Cairns, and V.J. Morris, Polypeptide structures imaged by the scanning tunneling microscope, J. Vac. Sci. Tech., A8 (1): 648–651 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. H. Snellman, L.J. Pelliniemi, R. Penttinen, R. Laiho, Application of scanning tunneling microscopy for imaging of CNBr-peptides of type I collagen, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8 (1): 692–694 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. R. Coratger, A. Chahboun, F. Ajustron, J. Beauvillian, M. Erard, and F. Amalric, Scanning tunneling microscopy of a liquid crystalline phase of poly((dA-dT)_(dA-dT)) induced by a histone H1 peptide, Ultramicroscopy 34: 141–147 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. P.G. Arscott and V.A. Bloomfield, Scanning tunneling microscopy of nucleic acids and polynucleotides, Ultramicroscopy 33: 127–131 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. M.G. Youngquist, R.J. Driscoll, T.R. Coley, W.A. Goddard, and J.D. Baldeschweiler, Scanning tunneling microscopy of DNA: Atom-resolved imaging, general observations and possible contrast mechanism, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (2): 1304–1309 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. G. DeStasio, D. Rioux, G. Margaritondo, D. Mercanti, L. Trasatti, and C. Moore, Scanning tunneling microscopy of deoxyribonucleic acid during replication, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 9 (4): 2319–2321 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. J.A. DeRose, S.M. Lindsay, L.A. Nagahara, P.I. Oden, T. Thundat, and R.L. Rill, Electrochemical deposition of nucleic acid polymers for scanning probe microscopy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (2): 1166–1170 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. C. Bustamante and D. Dunlap, Application of scanning tunneling microscopy to structural biology, Seminars in Cell Biology 2: 179–185 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  26. M. Salmeron, T. Beebe, J. Odriozola, T. Wilson, D.F. Ogletree, and W. Siekhaus, Imaging of biomolecules with the scanning tunneling microscope: Problems and prospects, J. Vac. Sci. Technol.. A 8 (1): 635–641 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. L.A. Nagahara, T. Thundat, P.I. Oden, S.M. Lindsay, and R.L. Rill, Electrochemical deposition of molecular adsorbates for in situ scanning probe microscopy, Ultramicroscopy 33: 107–116 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. L.A. Bottomley, J.N. Haseltine, D.P. Allison, R.J. Warmack, T. Thundat, R.A. Sachleben, G.M. Brown, R.P. Woychik, K. Bruce Jacobson, and T.L. Ferrell, Scanning tunneling microscopy of DNA: The chemical modification of gold surfaces for immobilization of DNA, J. Vac.Sci.Technol. A 10 (4): 591–595 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. T. Thundat, L.A. Nagahara, P. Oden, and S.M. Lindsay, Direct observation of bioelectrochemical processes by scanning tunneling microscopy, J. Vac. Sci Technol. A 8 (1): 645–647 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. C. Bendixen, F. Besenbacher, E. Laegsgaard, I. Stensgaard, B. Thomsen, and O.Westergaard, Deoxyribonucleic acid structures visualized by scanning tunneling microscopy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A8 (1): 703–705 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. D.P. Allison, J.R. Thompson, K.B. Jacobson, R.J. Warmack, and T.L. Ferrell, Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of plasmid DNA, Scanning Microscopy 4 (3): 517–522 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. C. Bustamante and J. Vesenka, Imaging of DNA molecules and DNA-RNA polymerase complexes by scanning force microscopy, Polymer Preprints, 33 (1): 743–744 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. T. Thundat, R.J. Warmack, D.P. Allison, L.A. Bottomley, A.J. Lourenco, and T.L. Ferrell, Atomic force microscopy of deoxyribonucleic acid strands adsorbed on mica: The effect of humidity on apparent width and image contrast, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 10 (4): 630–635 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. H.G. Hansma, J. Vesenka, C. Siegerist, G. Kelderman, H. Morrett, R.L. Sinsheimer, V. Elings, C. Bustamante, P.K. Hansma, Reproducible imaging and dissection of plasmid DNA under liquid with the atomic force microscope, Science, 256: 1180–1184 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. J. Yang, K Takeyasu and Z. Shao, Atomic force microscopy of DNA molecules, FES 10933, 30 (2): 173–176 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Y.L.Lyubchenko, A.A.Gall, LS.Shlyakhtenko, R.E.Harrington, B.L.Jacobs, P.I.Oden, and S. M.Lindsay, Atomic force microscopy imaging of double stranded DNA and RNA, J. of Biomolec.Struct.Dynam. 10 (3): 589–606 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Y.L. Lyubchenko, B.L. Jacobs, and S.M. Lindsay, Atomic force microscopy of reovirus dsRNA: a routine technique for length measurements, Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (15): 3983–3986 (1993).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Y. Lyubchenko, L. Shlyakhtenko, R. Harrington, P. Oden, and S. Lindsay, Atomic force microscopy of long DNA: imaging in air and under water, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 2137–2140 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. R.D. Edstrom, M.A. Miller, V.B. Elings, X. Yang, R. Yang, G. Lee, and D.F. Evans, Scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy visualization of the components of the skeletal muscle glycogenolytic complex, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (2): 1248–1252 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. L. Haggerty, B.A. Watson, M.A. Barteau, and A.M. Lenhoff, Ordered arrays of proteins on graphite observed by scanning tunneling microscopy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (2): 1219–1222 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. H. Arakawa, K. Umemura, and A. Ikai, Protein images obtained by STM, AFM, and TEM, Nature 358: 171–173 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. R. Emch, X. Clivaz, C. Taylor-Denes, P. Vaudaux, and P. Descouts, Scanning tunneling microscopy for studying the biomaterial-biological tissue interface, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8 (1): 655–658 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. R. Wigren, H. Elwing, R. Andsson, S. Welin, and I. Lundstrom, Structure of adsorbed fibrinogen obtained by scanning force microscopy, FEBS 280 (2): 225–228 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. E.A.G. Chernoff, Atomic force microscope images of collagen fibers, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 10 (4): 596–599 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. V. B. Flings, R. D. Edstrom, M. H. Meinke, X. Yang, R. Yang, and D. F. Evans, Direct observations of enzymes and their complexes by scanning tunneling microscopy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A8 (1): 652–654 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. R.D. Edstrom, M.H.Meinke, X.Yang, R.Y. and D. F. Evans, Scanning tunneling microscopy of the enzymes of muscle glycogenolysis, Ultramicroscopy 33: 99–106 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. G. Lee, D.P. Evans, V. Elings, and R.D. Edstrom, Observation of phosphorylase kinase and phosphorylase b at solid-liquid interfaces by scanning tunneling microscopy, J. Vac. Technol. B 9 (2): 1236–1241 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. R.D. Edstrom, M.H. Meinke, X. Yang, R. Yang, V. Elings, and D.F. Evans, Direct visualization of phosphorylase-phosphorylase kinase complexes by scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy, Biophys. J. 58: 1437–1448 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. H. Lewerenz, H. Jungblu S. A. Campbell, M. Giersig, and D. Muller, Direct observation of reverse transcriptases by scanning tunneling microscopy, Aids Res. Human Retrovirus. 8 (9): 1663–1667 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. C.H. Olk, J. Heremans, P.S. Lee, D. Dziedzic, and N.E. Sargent, IgG antibody and antibody-antigen complex imaging by scanning tunneling microscopy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (2): 1268–1271 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. J.N. Lin, B. Drake, A.S. Lea, P.K. Hansma, and J.D. Andrade, Direct observation of immunoglobulin adsorption dynamics using the atomic force microscope, Langmuir 6 (2): 241–248 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. S.T. Eppell, F.R. Zypman, and R.E. Marchant, Probing the resolution limits and tip interactions of AFM in the study of von Willebrand Factor, Trans. Soc. Biomater., 19: 210 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  53. R. Guckenberger, W. Wiegrabe, A. Hillebrand, T. Hartmann, Z. Wang, and W. Baumeister, Scanning tunneling microscopy of a hydrated bacterial surface protein, Ultramicroscopy 31: 327–332 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. R. Emch, X. Clivaz, C. Taylor-Denes, P. Vaudaux, and P. Descouts, Scanning tunneling microscopy for studying the biomaterial-biological tissue interface, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8 (1): 655–658 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. R. Lal and L. Yu, Atomic force microscopy of cloned nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:. 7280–7284 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  56. J.K.H. Horber, F.M. Schuler, V. Witzemann, K.H. Schroter, H. Muller, and J.P. Ruppersberg, Imaging of cell membrane proteins with a scanning tunneling microscope, J. Vac,Sci.Technol.. B 9 (2): 1214–1217 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. J. Masai, T. Shibata, S. Kondo, and S. Ishiwata, Scanning tunneling microscopy of actin filament, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (2): 1177–1179 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. A.L. Weisenhom, B. Drake, C.B. Prater, S.A.C. Gould, P.K. Hansma, F. Ohnesorge, M. Egger, S.-P.Heyn, and H.E.Gaub, Immobilized proteins in buffer imaged at molecular resolution by atomic force microscopy, Biophys. J. 58: 1251–1258 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. M. Radmacher, R.W. Tillmann, M. Fritz, H.E. Gaub, From molecules to cells: imaging soft samples with the atomic force microscope, Science 257: 1900–1905 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. B. Mainsbridge and T. Thundat, Scanning tunneling microscopy of chloroplasts, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B9 (2): 1259–1262 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. A. Stemmer, A. Hefti, U. Aebi, and A. Engel, Scanning tunneling and transmission electron microscopy on identical areas of biological specimens, Ultramicroscopy 30: 263–280 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. R. Garcia, D. Keller, J. Panitz, D. Bear, C. Bustamante, Imaging of metal-coated biological samples by scanning tunneling microscopy, Ultramicroscopy 27: 367–374 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. K. Yeung, E. Wolf, and J. Duman, A scanning tunneling microscopy study of an insect lipoprotein ice nucleator, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B9 (2): 1197–1201 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. H.-J. Butt, C.B. Prater, and P.K. Hansma, Imaging purple membranes dry and in water with the atomic force microscope, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9(2)193–1196 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  65. H-J. Butt, K. Downing, and P. Hansma, Imaging the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin with the atomic force microscope, Biophys. J. 58: 1473–1480 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. J. Yang, L.K. Tamm, T.W. Tillack, and Z. Shao, New approach for atomic force microscopy of membrane proteins; the imaging of cholera toxin, J. Mol. Biol. 229: 286–290 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. K.A. Fisher, K.C. Yanagimoto, S.L. Whitfield, R.E. Thomson, M.G.L. Gustafsson, and J. Clarke, Scanning tunneling microscopy of planar biomembranes, Ultramicroscopy 33: 117–126 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. C.B. Prater, M.R. Wilson, and J. Gamaes, Atomic force microscopy of biological samples at low temperature, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (2): 989–991 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. A.A. Kononenko, E.P. Lukashev, V.I. Panov, and E. Fedorov, Scanning tunneling microscopy of functionally active membrane fragments of halobacteria containing bacteriorhodopsin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 315 (5): 1252–1255 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. S.A.O. Gould, B. Drake, C.B. Prater, A.L. Weisenhom, S. Manne, H.G. Hansms, J. Massie, M. Longmire, V. Elings, B.D. Northern, B. Mukergee, C.M. Peterson, W. Stoeckenius, T.R. Albrecht, and C.F. Quate, From atoms to integrated circuit chips, blood cells, and bacteria with the atomic force microscope, J. Vac. Sci.Technol. A 8 (1): 369–373 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. B.L. Blackford, M.O. Watanabe, D.C. Dahn, M.H. Jericho, G. Southam, and T.J. Beveridge, The imaging of a complete biological structure with the scanning tunneling microscope, Ultramicroscopy 27: 427–432 (1989).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. B.L.Blackford and M.H. Jericho, A metallic replica/anchoring technique for scanning tunneling microscope or atomic force microscope imaging of large biological structures, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (2): 1253–1258 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. G. Southam, M. Firtel, B.L. Blackford, M.H. Jericho, W. Xu, P.J. Mulhern, and T.J. Beveridge, Transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and atomic force microscopy of the cell envelope layers of the archaeobacterium methanospirillum hungatei GPI, J. Bacterial. 175 (7): 1946–1955 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. B.L. Blackford, M.H. Jericho, P.J. Mulhern, and C. Frame, Scanning tunneling microscope imaging of hoops from the cell sheath of the bacteria methanospirillum hungatei and atomic force microscope imaging of complete sheathes, J.Vac.Sci.Technol.B 9(2): 1242: 1247 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  75. M.H. Jericho, B.I,. B.ackford, D.C. Dahn, C. Frame, and D. Maclean, Scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of uncoated biological material, J. Vac, Sci. Technol. A 8 (1): 661–666 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. M. Amrein, Z. Wang, and R. Guckenberger, Comparative study of a regular protein layer by scanning tunneling microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (2): 1276–1281 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. W. Wiegrabe, M. Nonnenmacher, R. Guckenberger, and O.Wolter, Atomic force microscopy of a hydrated bacterial surface protein, J. Microscopy 163 (1): 79–84 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. J. Ruppersberg, J.K. Heinrich Horber, C. Gerber, and G. Binnig, Imaging of cell membraneous and cytoskeletal structures with a scanning tunneling microscope, FEBS Letters 257 (2): 460–464 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. S. Ya-Xian, J. Yue-Kan, X. San-Duo, Y. Jun-En, and L. Ke-Chun, The surface structure of artificial and natural membranes as studied by scanning tunneling microscopy, J.Vac. Sci.Technol. A 8 (1): 695–697 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. M. Gaczynska, M. Chwialkowski, W. Olejniczak, S. Woljczuk, and G. Bartosz, Scanning tunneling microscopy of human erythrocyte membranes, Biochem. Biophys. Res.Comm., 181 (2): 600–603 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. S. Singh and D.J. Keller, Atomic force microscopy of supported planar membrane bilayers, Biophys. J. 60: 1401–1410 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. M. Egger, F. Ohnesorge, A.L. Weisenhorn, S.P. Heyn, B. Drake, C.B. Prater, S.A.C. Gould, P.K. Hansma, and H.E. Gaub, Wet lipid-protein membranes imaged at submolecular resolution by atomic force microscopy, J. Struct. Biol. 103: 89–94 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. C. Luo, C. Zhu, L. Ruan, G. Huang, C. Dai, Z. Cheng, C. Bai, Y. Su, S. Xu, K. Lin, and J.D. Ialdeschweiler, Scanning tunneling microscopy of the phosphatidylcholine bilayers, J. Vac. Sci..Technol. A 8 (1): 684–686 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. M. Dreschler, K.P. Hofmann, H.J. Cantow, Imaging of membrane vesicles by TEM and AFM, Polymer Preprints 33 (1): 739–740 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  85. J.H. Hoh, R. Ratneshwar, S.A. John, J.P. Revel, and F. Arnsdorf, Atomic force microscopy and dissection of gap functions, Science 253: 1405–1408 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. N. Nakagiri, H. Fujisaki, and S. Aizawa, Scanning tunneling microscopy of bacterial flagella, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (2): 1202: 1205 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  87. Y. Simic’-Krstic’, M. Keley, C. Schneiker, M. Krasovich, R. McCuskey, D. Koruga, and S. IIammeroff, Direct observation of microtubules with the scanning tunneling microscope, FASEB J. 3: 2184–2188 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  88. Y. Simic’-Krstic’, M. Voelker, M. Andjelkovic, M. Trifunovic, S. Hammeroff, and D. Koruga (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  89. S. Hammeroff, Y. Simic’-Krstic’, L. Vernetti, Y.C. Lee, D. Satid, and R. McCuskey, Scanning tunneling microscopy of cytoskeletal proteins and intermediates: microtubules and intermediate filaments, J. Vac. Soc. Technol. A 8 (1): 687–691 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. I,. Vernetti, D. Satid, A.J. Gandolphi, R.B. Nagle, S. Hammeroff, R. McCuskey, and A.E. Cress, The topographical structure of cyclokeratin intermediate filaments using scanning tunneling microscopy, Nanobiology 1: 379 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  91. V.I3. Pizziconi and D.L. Page, Scanning probe microscopy of living biological cells, Polymer Preprints 33 (1): 747–748 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  92. W. Haberle, J.K.H. Horber, and G. Binnig, Force microscopy on living cells, J. Vac. Sci.Technol. B 9 (2): 1210–1213 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. J.K.H. Horber, W. Haberle, F. Ohnesorge, G. Binnig, H.G. Liebich, C.P. Czerny, H. Mahnel, and A. Mayr, Investigation of living cells in the nanomater regime with the scanning force microscope, Scanning Microscopy 6 (4): 919–930 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. H.-J. Butt, E.K. Wolff, S.A.C. Gould, B. Dixon Northern, C.M. Peterson, and P.K. Hansma, Imaging cells with the atomic force microscope, J. Struct. Biol. 105: 54–61 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. J. Yang, L.K. Tamm, A.P. Somlyo, Z. Shao, Promises and Problems of biological atomic force microscopy, J. Microscopy 171 (3): 183–198 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. M. Fritz, M. Radmacher, and H. E. Gaub, In vitro activation of human platelets triggered and probed by atomic force microscopy, Exp. Cell Res. 205: 187–190 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. J.W. Dai, Y.K. Jiao, Q. Dong, Y.X. Su, K.C. Lin, J. He, G.Y. Shang, and J.E. Yao, The surface structure of natural membrane of macrophages in water as studied by the scanning tunneling microscope, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (2): 1184–1188 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. K. Barbee, Peter F. Davies, and Ratneshwar Lal, Shear-stress induced reorganization of the surface topography of living endothelial cells imaged by atomic force microscopy, Circ. Res. 74 (1): 163–171 (1994).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. E. Henderson, P.G. Haydon, D.S. Sakaguchi, Actin filament dynamics in living glial cells imaged by atomic force microscopy, Science 257: 1944–1946 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. USA Microscopy and Analysis, January, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  101. L. Chang, T. Kious, M. Yorgancioglu, D. Keller, and J. Pfeiffer, Cytoskeletal of living, unstained cells imaged by scanning force microscopy, Biophys. J. 64: 1282–1286 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. E. Ito, T. Takahashi, K. Hama, T. Yohioka, W. Mizutani, H. Shimizu, and M. Ono, An approach to imaging of living cell surface topography by scanning tunneling microscopy, Biochem. & Biophys. Res.Comm. 177 (2): 636–643 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. S. Kasas, V. Gotzos, and M.R. Celio, Observation of living cells using the atomic force microscope, Biophys. J. 64: 539–544 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. C.A.J. Putman, B.G. deGrooth, P.K. Hansma, Niek F. van Hulst, and Jan Greve, Immunogold labels: cell-surface markers in atomic force microscopy, Ultramicroscopy 48: 177–182 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. A.A. Garcia and C. Pettigrew, Imaging BCG cells and yeast cell walls using scanning probe microscopy, Polymer Preprints 33 (1): 745–746 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  106. T. Tomie, H. Shimizu, T. Majima, M. Yamada, T. Kanayama, H. Kondo, M. Yano, and M. Ono, Three-dimensional readout of flash x-ray images of living sperm in water by atomic force microscopy, Science, 252: 691–693 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. H. Hatano, T. Fujihara, S. Kurata, and H. Negishi, Scanning tunneling microscopic observation of dental structures of a permanent tooth, Anal. Lett., 23 (1): 47–55 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. J.A.N. Zasadzinski and P.K. Hansma, Scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy of biological surfaces, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 589: 476–491 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. T.W. Jing, A.M. Jeffrey, J.A. DeRose, Y.L. Lyubchenko, L.S. Shlyakhtenko, R.E. Harrington, E. Appella, J. Larsen, A. Vaught, D.Rekesh, F-X. Lu, and S.M. Lindsay, Structure of hydrated oligonucleotides studied by in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Soc. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  110. D.H. Reneker, R. Patil, and S.J. Kim, Morphology and surface interactions of polymer molecules observed with scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy, Polymer Preprints 33 (1): 790–791 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. J. F. Mustard, D. W. Perry, M.G. Arlie, and M.A. Packman, Preparation of suspensions of washed platelets from humans, Brit. J. Hemat. 22: 193 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Z. Wang, T. Hartman, W. Baumeister, and R. Guckenberger, Thickness determination of biological samples with a z-calibrated scanneling tunneling microscope, Proc.Natl.Acad. Sci. 87: 9343–9347 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. R. Garcia, Comments on direct visualization of protein complexes by scanning tunneling microscopy, Biophys. J. 60: 738 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. P.D.Yurencho, E.C.Tsilibary, A.S. Charonis, and H. Furthmayr, Laminin polymerization in vitro: evidence for a two step assembly with domain specificity J. Biol. Chem. 260 (12): 7636–7644 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  115. J.-Y. Yuan and Z. Shao, Simple model of image formation by scanning tunneling microscopy of non-conducting materials, Ultramicroscopy 34: 223–226 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. R. Garcia and N. Garcia, Electron conductance in organic chains: why are STM experiments possible on bare biological samples?, Chem. Phys. Lett. 173 (1): 44–50 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. P. Dietz and K.-H. Herrmann, Scanning tunneling microscopy of thin organic films on conducting substrates, Surf Sci. 232: 339–345 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. S.M. Lindsay, O.F. Sankey, Y. Li, C. Herbst, and A. Ruprecht, Pressure and resonance effects in scanning tunneling microscopy of molecular absorbates, J.Phys.Chem. 94: 4655–4660 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. S.L.Tang, A.J. McGhie, and A.Suna, Molecular-resolution imaging of insulating macromolecules with the scanning tunneling microscope via a nontunneling, electric-field induced mechanism, Phys. Rev. B 47 (7) 3850–3856 (1993).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. M. de Brabander, R. Nuydens, A. Ishihara, B. Holifield, K. Jacobson, and H. Geerts, Lateral diffusion and retrograde movements of individual cell surface components on single motile cells observed with nanovid microcsopy, J. Cell Biol. 112 (1): 111–124 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. C.B. Prater, M.R. Wilson, and J. Garnaes, Atomic force microscopy of biological samples at low temperature, J. Vac.Sci.Technol. B 9 (2): 989–991 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. P.K. Hansma, J.P. Cleveland, M. Radmacher, D.A. Walters, P.E. Hillner, M. Bezanilla, M. Fritz, D. Vie, H.G. Hansma, C.B. Prater, J. Massie, L. F ukunaga, J. Gurley, and V. Elings, Tapping mode atomic force microscopy in liquids, Appl.Phys.Lett. 64 (13): 1738–1740 (1994).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical, Bio and Materials Engineering Department, Arizona State University, Box 876006, Tempe, Arizona, 85287-6006, USA

    Vincent B. Pizziconi, Darren L. Page, Catherine T. Connolly & Pamela A. Diamond

Authors
  1. Vincent B. Pizziconi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Darren L. Page
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Catherine T. Connolly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Pamela A. Diamond
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Development and Engineering Center, U.S. Army Natick Research, Natick, Massachusetts, USA

    Samuel H. Cohen , Mona T. Bray  & Marcia L. Lightbody ,  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pizziconi, V.B., Page, D.L., Connolly, C.T., Diamond, P.A. (1994). Scanning Probe Microscopy Imaging and Characterization of Biological Structures from Biomolecules to Living Cells. In: Cohen, S.H., Bray, M.T., Lightbody, M.L. (eds) Atomic Force Microscopy/Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9322-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9322-2_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9324-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9322-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation