Abstract
The position of an expert on the witness stand, who does not testify either to what he has observed or knows as fact but expresses merely his opinion as to a situation or on facts which have been established by other witnesses, is anomalous in Anglo-Saxon law. It was to be expected that former generations of judges and lawyers, trained in older precedents and practices who recognized the appearance in the courts of an expert witness as an innovation would look with suspicion and doubt on such testimony. While the principles on which such evidence is introduced have come to be well recognized and while the [legal] profession no longer has any reservations in approving theoretically of the use of expert testimony, yet, on the other hand, there is a constant complaining and mistrust on the part of judges, juries and lawyers of the expert witness. (Friedman, 1910, p. 247)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ager v. Jane C. Stormont Hospital & Training School for Nurses, 622 F.2d 496, 10th Cir. (1980).
American Academy of Forensic Science. (1989). Code of Ethics. Colorado Springs, Co: AAFS.
American Law Institute (1965). Restatement of Torts 2d, Volume 2. New York: ALL
American Psychological Association. (1990a, June). Draft ethical principles. American Psychological Association Monitor, 28–32.
American Psychological Association. (1990b). Ethical principles of psychologists (as amended June 2, 1989). American Psychologist, 45, 390–395.
Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880 (1983).
Chesler, M.A., Sanders, J., & Kalmuss, D.S. (1989). Social science in court: Mobilizing experts in the school desegregation cases. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Cleary, E.W. (Ed.). (1984). McCormick on evidence (3rd ed.). St. Paul, MN: West.
Craig v. Maryland, 110 S. Ct. 3157 (1990).
Day, D.S. (1988). Expert discovery in the eighth circuit: An empirical study. Federal Rules Decisions, 122, 35–61.
Day, D.S. (1987). A judicial perspective on expert discovery under Federal Rule 26(b) (4): An empirical study of trial court judges and a proposed amendment. John Marshall Law Review, 20, 377–414.
Edwards, W., Guttentag, M., & Snapper, K. (1975). A decision-theoretic approach to evaluation research. In E.L. Struening & M. Guttentag (Eds.), Handbook of evaluation research (pp.
). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Faigman, D.L., & Baglioni, A.J. (1988). Bayes’ theorem in the trial process: Instructing jurors on the value of statistical evidence. Law & Human Behavior, 12, 1–17.
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (1990). 28 United States Code Annotated. St. Paul, MN: West.
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (1990). 28 United States Code Annotated. St. Paul, MN: West.
Federal Rules of Evidence (1990). 28 United States Code Annotated. St. Paul, MN: West.
Friedman, L.M. (1910). Expert testimony, its abuse and reformation. Yale Law Journal, 19, 247–257.
Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923).
Gardner, W., Scherer, D., & Tester, M. (1989). Asserting scientific authority: Cognitive development and adolescent legal rights. American Psychologist, 44, 895–902.
Goodman, G.S., Levine, M., Melton, G.B., & Ogden, D.W. (1991). Child Witnesses and the Confrontation Clause: The American Psychological Association Brief in Maryland v. Craig. Law & Human Behavior, 15, 13–29.
Graham, M.H. (1977). Discovery of experts under Rule 26(b)(4) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure: Part Two, An empirical study and a proposal. University of Illinois Law Forum, 1977, 169–220.
Greene, E., & Loftus, E. (1985). When crimes are joined at trial. Law & Human Behavior, 9, 193–207.
Guerrant, G.O., & Hall, C.T. (1977). Drug abuse proficiency testing. Clinical Toxicology, 10, 209–219.
Hans, V. (1989). Expert witnessing. Review of Chesler, M.A., Sanders, J., & Kalmuss, D.S. (1989), Social science in court: Mobilizing experts in the school desegregation cases. Science, 245, 312–313.
Hans, V., & Vidmar, N. (1986). Judging the jury. New York: Plenum.
Herschel, C. (1887). Services of experts in the conduct of judicial inquiries. American Law Review, 21, 571–577.
Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495 (1947).
Imbler v. Craven, 298 F. Supp. 795 (1969).
Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409 (1976).
In re Imbler, 387 P.2d 6 (1963).
Inspirational Consol. Copper Co. v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 60 F.R.D. 205, S.D.N.Y. (1973).
Joughin, L., & Morgan, E.M. (1976). The legacy of Sacco and Vanzetti. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kline v. State, 444 So.2d 1102, Fla. Dist. Ct. App. (1984).
LaFave, W.R., & Israel, J.H. (1985). Criminal procedure. St. Paul, MN: West.
Lind, E.A., & Tyler, T.R. (1988). The social psychology of procedural justice. New York: Plenum.
Loftus, E. (1979) Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Lucas, D.M. (1989). The ethical responsibilities of the forensic scientist: Exploring the limits. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34, 719–729.
McCloskey, M., & Egeth, H.E. (1983). Eyewitness identification: What can a psychologist tell a jury? American Psychologist, 38, 550–563.
Melton, G., Petrila, J., Poythress, N., & Slobogin, C. (1987). Psychological evaluations for the courts. New York: Guilford.
Monahan, J. (1981). Predicting violent behavior: An assessment of clinical techniques. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
National Society of Professional Engineers (1990). Code of Ethics for Engineers. Alexandria, VA: NSPE.
Note (1982). Civil procedure—Ager v. Jane C. Stormont Hospital: Discovery of a non-testifying expert. North Carolina Law Review, 60, 695–705.
Peterson, J.L., Fabricant, E., Field, K., & Thornton, J. (1978). Crime laboratory proficiency testing research program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Putnam, W.H. (1979). Hypnosis and distortions in eyewitness memory. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 27, 437–448.
Rice, F.S. (1898). The medical expert as a witness. The Green Bag, 10, 464–467.
Risinger, D.M., Denbeaux, M.P., & Saks, M.J. (1989). Exorcism of ignorance as a proxy for rational knowledge: The case of handwriting identification “expertise.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 137, 731–792.
Saks, M.J. (1989). Prevalence and impact of ethical problems in forensic science. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34, 772–793.
Saks, M.J. (1990). Expert witnesses, nonexpert witnesses, and nonwitness experts. Law & Human Behavior, 14, 291–313.
Saks, M.J., & Hastie, R. (1978). Social psychology in court. New York: Van Nostrand.
Saks, M.J., & Kidd, R.F. (1981). Human information processing and adjudication: Trial by heuristics. Law and Society Review, 15, 124–160.
Saks, M.J., & Van Duizend, R. (1983). The use of scientific evidence in litigation. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts.
Saks, M.J., & Wissler, R.L. (1984). Legal and psychological bases of expert testimony. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 2, 435–449.
Sanford Constr. Co. v. Kaiser Aluminum & Chem: Sales, Inc. 45 F.R.D. 465, E.D. Ky. (1965).
Saxe, L., Dougherty, D., & Cross, T. (1985). The validity of polygraph testing: Scientific analysis and public controversy. American Psychologist, 38(3), 355–366.
Scheppele, K.L. (1988). Legal secrets: Equality and efficiency in the common law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sears v. Rutishauser, 466 NE.2d 210, 111. (1984).
Smith, M. C. (1983). Hypnotic memory enhancement of witnesses: Does it work? Psychological Bulletin, 94(3), 387–407.
Starrs, J.E. (1987). Mountebanks among forensic scientists. In R. Saferstein (Ed.), Forensic science handbook (Vol. 2). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Symposium (1989). Ethical conflicts in the forensic sciences. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34, 717–793.
Tagatz v. Marquette University, 861 F.2d 1040 (1988).
Tanford, S., & Penrod, S. (1982). Biases in trials involving defendants charged with multiple offenses. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, 453–480.
Thibaut, J., & Walker, L. (1978). A theory of procedure. California Law Review, 66, 541–566.
Thompson, W.C., & Ford, S. (1989). DNA typing: Acceptance and weight of the new genetic identification tests. Virginia Law Review, 75(1), 45–108.
Thompson, W.C., & Schumann, E.L. (1987). Interpretation of statistical evidence in criminal trials, the prosecutor’s fallacy and the defense attorney’s fallacy. Law and Human Behavior, 11(3), 167–187.
Tracy Peerage, 10 Clark & F. 154 (1839, 1843).
Wigmore, J.H. (1979). Wigmore on Evidence, Volume (Chadbourne Rev.). Boston: Little, Brown.
Wissler, R.L., & Saks, M.J. (1985). On the inefficacy of limiting instructions: When jurors use prior conviction evidence to decide on guilt. Law & Human Behavior, 9, 37–48.
Worley v. Massey-Ferguson, Inc., 79 F.R.D. 534, N.D. Miss. (1978).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Saks, M.J. (1992). Normative and Empirical Issues About the Role of Expert Witnesses. In: Kagehiro, D.K., Laufer, W.S. (eds) Handbook of Psychology and Law. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4038-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4038-7_10
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4040-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4038-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive