Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hypnosis, Pseudomemories, and Clinical Guidelines

A Sociocognitive Perspective

  • Chapter
Recollections of Trauma

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((NSSA,volume 291))

Abstract

Hypnosis has never been far from the center of controversy. Indeed, hypnosis has been intimately associated with historical debates concerning the nature of hysteria, dissociation, repression, and now, memory (see Lynn, Rhue, & Spanos, 1994). While hypnosis is currently riding an unprecedented wave of popularity among clinicians, and while researchers are moving hypnosis forward into the mainstream of psychology, debate rages in the hypnosis and broader psychological community about the role and potential usefulness of hypnosis in memory retrieval (Loftus & Ketcham, 1994; Lindsay & Read, 1995; Lynn & Nash, 1994).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baker, R.A., Patrick, B.S. (1987). Hypnosis and memory: The effects of emotional arousal. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 29, 177–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, T.X. (1969). Hypnosis: A scientific approach. New York: Van Nostrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, T. X., Glass, L. B. (1962). Significant factors in hypnotic behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64, 222–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barrier, A. J., McConkey, K, M. (1992). Reports of real and false memories: The relevance of hypnosis, hypnotizability, and the context of memory test. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 521–527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belli, R. F. (1989). Influences of misleading postevent information: Misinformation interference and acceptance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 72–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belli, R.F., Loftus, E. (1993). Recovered memories of childhood abuse: A source monitoring perspective. In S.J. Lynn, J.W. Rhue (Eds.). Dissociation: Theoretical and clinical perspectives. New York: Guilford. (pp. 415–434 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Belli, R.F., Windschitl, P.D., McCarthey, T.T., Winfrey, S.E. (1992). Detecting memory impairment with a modified test procedure: Manipulating retention interval with centrally presented event items. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 356–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brainerd, C.J., Reyna, V.F. (1988). Memory loci of suggestibility development: Comment on Ceci, Ross, and Toglia (1987). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 197–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. (1995). Pseudomemories: The standard of science and the standard of care in trauma treatment. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 37, 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckhout, R., Eugenio, P., Licitra, T., Oliver, L., Kramer, T. H. (1981). Memory, hypnosis and evidence: Research on eyewitnesses. Social Action and the Law, 7, 67–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • DePiano, F. A., Salzberg, H. C. (1981). Hypnosis as an aid to recall of meaningful information presented under three types of arousal. International Journal Of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 29, 383–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dinges, D. F., Whitehouse, W. G., Orne, E. C., Powell, J. W., Orne, M. T., Erdelyi, M. H. (1992). Evaluating hypnotic memory enhancement (hypermnesia and reminiscence) using multitrial forced recall. Journal of Experimental psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1139–1147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, M., Laurence, J. R. (1992). Hypnotic susceptibility and verbal automaticity: Automatic and strategic processing differences in the Stroop color naming task. Journal of Abnormal Pyychology, 101, 344–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dywan, J., Bowers, K. S. (1983). The use of hypnosis to enhance recall. Science, 222, 184–185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eich, E. (1995). Searching for mood dependent memory. Psychological Science, 6, 67–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erdelyi, M. (1994). Hypnotic hypermnesia: The empty set of hypermnesia. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 42, 379–390.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grabowski, K. L., Roese, N. J., Thomas, M. R. (1991). The role of expectancy in hypnotic hypermnesia: A brief communication. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 34, 193–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, E., Flynn, M. S., Loftus, E. F. (1982). Inducing resistance to misleadng information. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 207–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, J.P., Lynn, S.J. (1995). Hypnosis, dissociation, and simultaneous task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 728–735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, J.P., Lynn, S.J., Malinoski, P. (1996). Hypnotic pseudonremories: The effects of warnings and hidden observer instructions. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gwynn, M. I., Spanos, N. P. (1996). Hypnotic responsiveness, Nonhypnotic suggestibility, and responsiveness to social influence. In R. G. Kunzendorf, N. P. Spanos, B. Wallace (Eds.), Hypnosis and Imagination (pp. 147–175 ). New York: Baywood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, D.F., Loftus, E.F., Tousignant, J.P. (1984). Postevent information and changes in recognition for a natural event. In G. Wells and E.Loftus (eds), Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamel, J., Lynn, S.J. (1996). Figure drawings: A new look at trance logic. Unpublished manuscript, Ohio University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, D.C., Garver, R.B., Mutter, C.B., Crasilneck, H.B., Frischholz, E., Gravitz, M.A., Hibler, N.S., Olson, J., Scheflin, A., Spiegel, H., Wester, W. (1995). Clinical hypnosis and memory: Guidelines for clinicians and for forensic hypnosis. Des Plaines, IL: American Society of Clinical Hypnosis Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, L., Ashworth, A. (1980). Some problems of evidence obtained by hypnosis. Criminal Law Review, 469–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E. R. (1977). Divided consciousness: Multiple controls in human thought and action. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E. R., Tart, C. T. (1966). Responsiveness to suggestions following waking and imagination instructions and following induciton of hypnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71, 196–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M.K., Hashtroudi, S., Lindsay, D.S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3–28. Johnson, M.K., Raye, C.L. (1981). Reality monitoring. Psychological Review, 88, 67–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M.K., Raye, C.L., Wang, A.Y., Taylor, T.H. (1979). Fact and fantasy: The roles of accuracy and variability in confusing imaginations with perceptual experiences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 229–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaltenbach, P., Lynn, S.J. (1996). Contextual reinstatement as an aid to recall of the eyewitness. Unpublished manuscript, Ohio University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirsch, 1., Lynn, S.J. (1995). The altered state of hypnosis: Changes in the theoretical landscape. American Psychologist, 50, 846–858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirsch, I., Montgomery, G., Sapirstein, G. (1995). Hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive bheavioral psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 214–220.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labelle, L., Laurence, J. R., Nadon, R., Perry, C. (1990). Hypnotizability, preference for an imagic cognitive style, and memory creation in hypnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 222–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labelle, L., Perry, C. (1986). Pseudomemory creation in hypnosis. Paper presented at the 94th annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurence, J.-R., Nadon, R., Nogrady, H., Perry, C. (1986). Duality, dissociation, and memory creation in highly hypnotizable participants. International Journal Of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 34. 295–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laurence, J.-R., Perry, C. (1983). Hypnotically created memory among highly hypnotizable participants. Science, 222, 523–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, D.S. (1990). Misleading suggestions can impair eyewitnesses’ ability to remember event details. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 1077–1083 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, D.S., Read, J.D. (1995). “Memory work” and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: Scientific evidence and public, professional, and personal issues. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1, 846–908.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loftus, E. F. (1993). The reality of repressed memories. American Psychologist, 48, 518–537.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loftus, E.F., Ketcham (1994). The myth of repressed memories. New York: St. Martins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loftus, E.f., Loftus, G.R. (1980). On the permanence of stored information in the brain. American Psychologist, 35, 409–420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, S.J., Green, J., Jaquith, L. (1996). Hypnosis and performance standards. Unpublished manuscript, Ohio University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, Si.,. Malinoski, P., Arnoff, J., Zelikovsky, N. (1996). Early memory reports, fantasy proneness, and hypnotizability. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, S. J., Milano, M. J., Weekes, J. R. (1991). Hypnosis and pseudomemories: The effects of prehypnotic expectancies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 318–326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, S. J., Milano, M. J., Weekes, J. R. (1992). Pseudomemory and age regression: An exploratory study. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 35, 129–137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, S.J., Nash, M.R. (1994). Truth in memory: Ramifications for psychotherapy and hypnotherapy. American Journal of Clincial Hypnosis, 36, 194–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, S.J., Rhue, J.W. (1991). An integrative model of hypnosis. In S.J. Lynn, J.W. Rhue (Eds.). Theories of hypnosis: Models and perspectives. New York: Guildord.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, S.J., Rhue, J.W., Myers, B., Weekes, J.W. (1994). Pseudomemory and hypnosis: Real versus simulating subjects. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 52, 118–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, S.J., Rhue, J.W., Spanos, N.P. (1994). Hypnosis. In K. Ramachadran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior, Volume 2. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, S.J., Weekes, J.R., Milano, M. (1989). Reality versus suggestion: Pseudomemory in hypnotizable and simulating subjects. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 75–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malinoski, P., Lynn, S.J., Sivec, H. (in press). The pliability of early memory reports: Vulnerability to social influence. In S.J. Lynn, K.M. McConkey, N.P. Spanos (Eds.), Truth in memory. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCann, T., Sheehan, P. W. (1987). The breaching of pseudomemory under hypnotic instruction: Implications for original memory retrieval. British Journal of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis, 4, 101–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCann, T., Sheehan, P. W. (1988). Hypnotically created pseudomemories: Sampling their conditions among hypnotizable participants. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 339–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey, M., Zaragoza, M. (1985). Misleading postevent information and memory for events: Evidence against memory impairment hypotheses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, /14, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConkey, K.M. (1986). Opinions about hypnosis and self-hypnosis. International Journal Of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 34, 311–319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McConkey, K.M. (1991). The construction and resolution of experience and behavior in hypnosis. In S.J. Lynn, J.W. Rhue (Eds.), Theories of hypnosis: Current models and perspectives. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConkey, K.M., Jupp, J.J. (1986). A survey of opinions about hypnosis. British Journal of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis, 3, 162–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConkey, K. M., Labelle, L., Bibb, B. C., Bryant, R. A. (1990). Hypnosis and suggested pseudomemory: The relevance of test context. Australian Journal of Psychology, 42, 197–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mingay, D. J. (1987). Hypnosis and memory for incidentally learned scenes. British Journal of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis, 3, 173–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murrey, G.J., Cross, H. J., Whipple, J. (1992). Hypnotically created pseudomemories: Further investigation into the “memory distortion or response bias” question. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 75–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naglieri, J.A. (1986). Draw a person: A quantitative scoring system. San diego, CA: The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, M. R. (1987). What, if anything, is age regressed about hypnotic age regression? A review of the empirical literature. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 42–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nash, M. R. (1992). Retrieval of childhood memories in psychotherapy: Clinical utility and historical veridicality are not the same thing. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, M.R., Drake, M., Wiley, R., Khalsa, S., Lynn, S.J. (1986). The accuracy of recall of hypnotically age regressed subjects. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 298–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nogrady, H., McConkey, K. M., Perry, C. (1985). Enhancing visual memory: Trying hypnosis, trying imagination, and trying again. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 195–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ofshe, R.J., Singer, M.T. (1994). Recovered-memory therapy and robust repression: Influence and pseudomemories. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 42, 3913I0.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orne, M. T. (1959). The nature of hypnosis: Artifact and essence. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 277–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orne, M. T. (1979). The use and misuse of hypnosis in court. International Journal Of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 27, 311–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orne, E.C., Whitehouse, W.G., Dinges, D.F., Orne, M.T. (1996). Memory liabilities associated with hypnosis: Does low hypnotizability confer immunity? International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 44, 354–369.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, C. (1996). The accuracy of traumatic and untraumatic memories elicited by hypnosis and other procedures. Unpublished manuscript, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, D.A., Lindsay, D.S., Memon, A., Bull, R. (1995). Psychotherapy and the recovery of memories of childhood sexual abuse: U.S. and British practitioners’ opinions, practices, and experiences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 426–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, W. H. (1979). Hypnosis and distortions in eyewitness memory. International Journal Of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 28, 437–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rainer, D.D. (1984). Eyewitness testimony: Does hypnosis enhance accuracy, distortion and confidence Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wyoming, Laramie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Register, P. A., Kihlstrom, J. F. (1988). Hypnosis and interrogative suggestibility. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 549–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redston, M. T., Knox, J. ( 1983, October). Is the recognition of faces enhanced by hypnosis? Paper presented at the 35th Annual Meeting of the Society of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, G. S., Simmons, W. L. (1983). Use of hypnosis to enhance eyewitnes accuracy: Does it work? Jounal of Applied Psychology, 68, 70–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, P. (1988a). Confidence and memory in hypnosis. In H. M. Pettinati (Ed.), Hypnosis and memory (pp. 95–127 ). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, P. (1988b). Memory distortion in hypnosis. International Journal Of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 36, 296–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, P. W. (1991). Hypnosis, context, and commitment. In S. J. Lynn, J. W. Rhue (Eds.), Theories of hypnosis: Current models and perspectives (pp. 520–541 ). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, P.W., Garnett, M., Robertson, R. (1993). The effects of cue level, hypnotizability, and state instruction on responses to leading questions. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 4/, 287–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, P.W., Green, V, Truesdale, P. (1992). Influence of rapport on hypnotically induced pseudomemory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 690–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, P.W., McConkey, K.M. (1982). Hypnosis and experience: The exploration of phenomena and process. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, P.W., Perry, C.W. (1976). Methodologies of hypnosis. New Jersey: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, P. W., Statham, D., Jamieson, G. A. (1991a). Pseudomemory effects and their relationship to level of susceptibility to hypnosis and state instruction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 130–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, P. W., Statham, D., Jamieson, G. A. (1991b). Pseudomemory effects of time in the hypnotic setting. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 39–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, P. W., Statham, D., Jamieson, G. A., Ferguson, S. R. (1991). Ambiguity in suggestion and the occurrence of pseudomemory in the hypnotic setting. Australian Journal of clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 19, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, R. W., Tilden, J. (1983). Effects of suggestibility and hypnosis on accurate and distorted retrieval from memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 293–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, R W., Tilden, J. (1984). Real and simulated occurrences of memory distoriton in hypnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 47–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, R W., Tilden, J. (1986). The consistency of occurrences of memory distortion following hypnotic induction. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 34, 122–137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sivec, H., Lynn, S.J. (1996a). Hypnotic age regression from the cabbage patch: Hypnotic vs. nonhypnotic pseudomemories with a verifiable event. Unpublished manuscript, Ohio University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sivec, H., Lynn, S.J. (1996b). Early life events: Hypnotic vs. nonhypnotic age regression. Unpublished manuscript, Ohio University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloane, M. C. (1981). A comparison of hypnosis vs. waking state and visual vs. non-visual recall instructions for witness/victim memory retrieval in actual crimes. Doctoral dissertation, Florida State University. (Dissertation Abstracts International; University Microfilms No. 81–25, 873.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Spanos, N. P. (1983). Hypnotic Behavior: A social psychological interpretation of amnesia, analgesia, and “trance logic”. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 449–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spanos, N.P. (1996). Multiple identities and false memories. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Spanos, N. P., Gwynn, M. I., Comer, S. L., Baltruweit, W. J., deGroh, M. (1989). Are hypnotically induced pseudomemories resistant to cross-examination? Law and Human Behavior, 13, 271–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spanos, N. P., Menary, E., Gabora, N. J., DuBreuil, S. C., Dewhirst, B. (1991). Secondary identity enactments suring hypnotic past-life regression: A sociocognitive perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: 61, 308–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spanos, N. P., Quigley, C. A., Gwynn, R. I., Glatt, R. L., Perlini, A. H. (1991). Hypnotic interrogation, pretrial preparation, and witness testimony during direct and cross-examination, Law and Human Behavior 15, 639–653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spanos, N.P., McLean, J. (1986). Hypnotically created pseudomemories: Memory distortions or reporting biases? British Journal of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis, 3, 155–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spanos, N.P., Burgess, C.A., Burgess, M.F. (1994). Past life identities, UFO abductions, and satanic ritual abuse: The social construction of “memories”. International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis, 42, 433 446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strack, F., Bless, H. (1994). Memory for nonoccurrences: Metacognitive and presuppositional strategies. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 203–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timm, H. W. (1981). The effect of forensic hypnosis techniques on eyewitness recall and recognition. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 9, 188–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tousignant, J.P., Hall, D., Loftus, E.F. (1986). Discrepancy, detection and vulnerability to misleading postevent information. Memory Cognition, 14, 329–338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagstaff, G.F. (1989). Forensic aspcts of hypnosis. In N.P. Spanos, J. F. Chaves (Eds.), Hypnosis: The cognitive-behavioral perspective (pp. 430–357 ). Buffalo, NY: Prometheus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagstaff, G. F. Sykes, C. T. (1984). Hypnosis and the recall of emotionally-toned material. IRGS Medical Science, 12, 137–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weekes, J. R., Lynn, S. J., Green, J. P., Brentar, J. T. (1992). Pseudomemory in hypnotized and task-motivated participants. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 356–360.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weekes, J.R., Lynn, S.J., Myers, B. (1996). Pseudomemories and hypnosis: The effects of base-rates and event distincitiveness. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse, W.G., Dinges, D.f., Orne, E.C., Orne, M.T. (1988). Hypnotic hypermnesia: Enhanced memory accessibility or report bias? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 289–295.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yapko, M.D. (1994). Suggestibility and repressed memories of abuse: A survey of psychotherapists’ beliefs. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 36, 194–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaragoza, M.S., Lane, S.M. (1994). Source misattributions and the suggestibility of eyewitness memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 934–945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelig, M. Beidleman, W. B. (1981). The investigative use of hypnosis: A word of caution. International Journal Of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 29, 401–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, S.J., Neufeld, V., Mare, C. (1993). Direct versus indirect suggestions; A conceptual and methodological review. International Journal of Clinical And Experimental Hypnosis, 41, 124–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, W., Langdell, S. (1989). What do clients think about the metaphors they receive? American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 31, 242–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York, 13902, USA

    Steven Jay Lynn & Bryan Myers

  2. Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA

    Peter Malinoski

  3. Leiden University, The Netherlands

    Willem A. Wagenaar

Authors
  1. Steven Jay Lynn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bryan Myers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Peter Malinoski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Willem A. Wagenaar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada

    J. Don Read

  2. University of Wales, Bangor, UK

    D. Stephen Lindsay

  3. University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

    D. Stephen Lindsay

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lynn, S.J., Myers, B., Malinoski, P., Wagenaar, W.A. (1997). Hypnosis, Pseudomemories, and Clinical Guidelines. In: Read, J.D., Lindsay, D.S. (eds) Recollections of Trauma. NATO ASI Series, vol 291. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2672-5_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2672-5_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-2674-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2672-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation