Abstract
Lithium is used effectively in the treatment of acute mania. During maintenance therapy, it reduces the frequency of manic-depressive episodes. Lithium has also recently been used in the treatment of several other pathologic conditions such as schizophrenia, alcoholism, aggression, tardive dyskinesia, and Huntington’s chorea; however, its therapeutic efficacy in such conditions may be controversial. Although lithium is one of the most effective drugs used in the treatment of manic-depressive illness, its mode of action remains unclear.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, D.K. and Prockop, Q.D., 1975, Lithium absorption and distribution in body tissues, in “Lithium Research and Therapy,” (F.N. Johnson, ed.), pp. 267–278, London, Academic Press.
Becker, B.F. and Duhm J., 1978, Evidence for anionic cation transport of lithium, sodium, and potassium across the human erythrocyte membrane induced by divalant anions, J. Physiol. 282:149.
Casper, R.C., Pandey, G., Gosenfeld, L., and Davis, J.M., 1976, Intracellular lithium and clinical response, Lancet 2:418.
Cazzullo, C.L., Smeraldi, E., and Sacchetti, E., 1975, Intraceliular lithium concentration and clinical response, Br. J. Psychiatry 126:298.
Chang, S.S., Pandey, G.N., Casper, R.C., Kinard, C.O., and Davis, J.M., Pharmacokinetics of lithium: Predicting optimal dosage, in “Lithium: Controversies and Unresolved Issues” (Cooper, T.B., Gershon, S., Kline, N.S., et al., eds.), Excerpta Medica, in press.
Cooper, T.B. and Simpson, G.M., 1976, The 24-hour lithium level as a prognosticator of dosage requirements. A 2-year follow-up study, Amer. J. Psychiat. 133:440.
Dorus, E., Pandey, G.N., Frazer, A., and Mendels, J., 1974, Genetic determinant of lithium ion distribution. I. An in vitro monozygotic-dizygotic twin study, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 31:463.
Dorus, E.1, Pandey, G.N., and Davis, J.M., 1975, Genetic determinant of lithium ion distribution. An in vivo monozygotic-dizygotic twin study, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 32:1097.
Dorus, E., Pandey, G.N., Shaughnessy, R., and Davis, J.M., 1979, Lithium transport across the red cell membrane: A study of genetic factors, Arch. Gen. Psych., in press.
Duhm, J. and Becker, B.F., 1977a, Studies on the lithium transport across the red cell membrane II. Characterization of ouabain-sensitive and ouabain insensitive Li transport. Effects of biocarbonate and dipyridamole, Pfluegers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 367:211.
Duhm, J. and Becker, B.F., 1977b, Studies on the lithium transport across the red cell membrane III. Factors contributing to the inter-individual variability of the in vitro Li distribution across the human red cell membrane, Pfluegers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 368:203.
Duhm, J. and Becker, F.B., 1977c, Studies on the lithium transport across the red cell membrane IV. Inter-individual variations in the Na-dependent Li countertransport system of human erythrocytes, Pfluegers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 370:211.
Duhm, J., Eisenried, F., Becker, B.F., and Greil, W., 1976, Studies on the lithium transport across the red cell membrane. I. Li uphill transport by the Na-dependent Li countertransport system of human erythrocytes, Pfluegers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 364:147.
Dunham, P.B. and Senyk, O., 1977, Lithium efflux through Na-K pump in human erythrocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:3099.
Ebstein, R.P., Kara, T., and Belmaker, R.H., 1977, The effect of Li on the glucagon-sensitive adenylate cyclase in vivo in man, Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41:80.
Ebstein, R.P., Belmaker, R.H., Grunhaus, L., and Rimon, R., 1976, Lithium inhibition of adrenaline-stimulated adenylate cyclase in humans, Nature 259:411.
Elizur, A., Gaff, E., and Steiner, M., 1977, Intra/extra red blood cell lithium and electrolyte distributions as correlates of neurotoxic reactions during therapy, in “The Impact of Biology on Modern Psychiatry” (Gershon, E.S., Belmaker, R.H., and Kety, S.S., eds.), pp. 555–64, Plenum Press, New York.
Form, J., 1975, Lithium and cyclic AMP, in “Lithium Research and Therapy” (F.N. Johnson, ed.), pp. 485–497, Academic Press, London.
Frazer, A., London, J., Mendels, J., and Ramsey, A., 1978, Cell membranes, lithium and affective disorders. Paper presented at 131st annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Atlanta, May 8-12.
Frazer, A., Mendels, J., and Brunswick, D., 1977, Transfer of lithium ions across the erythrocyte membrane, Comms. Psychopharm. 1:255.
Frazer, A., Mendels, J., Secunda, S.K., Cochrane, C.M., and Bianchi, C.P., 1973, The prediction of brain lithium concentrations from plasma or erythrocyte measures, J. Psychiat. Res. 10:1.
Friedman, E., 1973, Lithium’s effects on cyclic AMP, membrane transport, and cholinergic mechanisms, in “Lithium: Its Role in Psychiatric Research and Treatment” (S. Gershon and B. Shopsin, eds.), pp 75-82, Plenum Press, New York.
Funder, J., Tosteson, D.C., and Wieth, J.O., 1978, Effects of bicarbonate on lithium transport in human red cells, J. Gen. Physiol. 11:721.
Geisler, A., Vendsborg, P.B., Johannesen, M., Klysner, R., and Thomsen, J., 1976, The effect of lithium on unstimulated and glucagon-stimulated urinary cyclic AMP excretion in rat and man, Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 38:433.
Greil, W., Eisenreid, F., Becker, B.F., and Duhm, J., 1977, Interindividual differences in the Na+ dependent Li+ countertransport system and in the Li+ distribution ratio across the red cell membrane among Li+-treated patients, Psychopharmacology 53:19.
Greengard, P., McAfee, D.W., and Kebabian, J.W., 1972, On the mechanism of action of cyclic AMP and its role in synaptic transmission, in “Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research, Vol. 1,” (P. Greengard and B.A. Robison, eds.), pp. 337–355, Raven Press, New York.
Grof, P., 1979, Some practical aspects of lithium treatment, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 36:891.
Haas, M., Schooler, J., and Tosteson, D.C., 1975, Coupling of lithium to sodium transport in human red cells, Nature 258:424.
Hewick, D.S. and Murray, N., 1976, Red blood cell levels and lithium toxicity, Lancet 2:473.
Kerry, R.J., 1975, The management of patients receiving lithium treatment, in “Lithium: Research and Therapy” (Johnson, F.N., ed.), pp. 143–163, Academic Press, New York.
Kinsey, V.E. and McLean, I.W., 1974, Studies on the crystalline lens. XXI. Bidirectional carrier-mediated transport of lithium, Invest. Ophthalmol. 13:784.
Lefkowitz, R.J., 1975, Heterogeneity of adenylate cyclase-coupled ²-adrenergic receptors, Biochem. Pharmacol. 24:583.
Lyttkens, L., Soderberg, U., and Wetterberg, L., 1973, Increased lithium erythrocyte/plasma ratio in manic-depressive psychosis, Lancet 1:40.
Maggs, R., 1963, Treatment of manic illness with lithium carbonate, Brit. J. Psychiatry 109:56.
Meltzer, H.L., Rosoff, C.J., Kassir, S., and Fieve, R.R., 1976, Active efflux of lithium from erythrocytes of manic-depressive subjects, Life Sci. 19:371.
Mendels, J. and Frazer, A., 1973, Intracellular lithium concentration and clinical response: Towards a membrane theory of depression, J. Psychiatr. Res. 10:9.
Murphy, D.L., Donnelly, C, and Moskowitz, J., 1973, Inhibition by lithium of prostaglandin El and norepinephrine effects on cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate production in human platelets, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 14:810.
Ostrow, D.G., Pandey, G.N., Davis, J.M., Hurt, S.W., and Tosteson, D.C., 1978, A heritable disorder of lithium transport in the red blood cells of a subpopulation of manic patients, Am. J. Psychiatry 135:1070.
Pandey, G.N., Garver, D.L., Tamminga, C, Erickson, S., Ali, S.I., and Davis, J.M., 1977, Postsynaptic supersensitivity in schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiat. 134:518.
Pandey, G.N., Ostrow, D.G., Haas, M., Dorus, E., Casper, R.C., Davis, J.M., and Tosteson, D.C., 1977, Abnormal lithium and sodium transport in erythrocytes of a manic patient and some members of his family, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:3607.
Pandey, G.N., Sarkadi, B., Haas, M., Gunn, R.B., Davis, J.M., and Tosteson, D.C., 1978, Lithium transport pathways in human red blood cells, J. Gen. Physiol. 72:233.
Pandey, G.N., Baker, J., Chang, S., and Davis, J.M., 1978, Prediction of red cell-plasma Li+ ratio in vivo by in vitro methods, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 24:343.
Pandey, G.N., Dorus, E., Davis, J.M., and Tosteson, D.C., 1979, Lithium transport in human red cells: Genetic and clinical aspects, Arch. Gen. Psychiat., in press.
Paul, M.I., Games, H., and Goodwin, F.K., 1971, Urinary cyclic AMP excretion in depression and mania, Arch, Gen, Psychiat. 24:327.
Prien, R.F., Caffey, E.M., and Klett, C.J., 1972, The relationship between lithium level and clinical response in acute manics treated with lithium carbonate, Cooperative Studies in Psychiatry, Report No. 91, VA-NIMH Collaborative Study Group, Perry Point, Md.
Ramsey, T.A., Frazer, A., Dyson, W.L., and Mendels, J., 1976, Intracellular lithium and clinical response, Br. J. Psychiatry 128:103.
Richelson, E., 1977, Lithium ion entry through the sodium channel of cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells: A biochemical study, Science 196:1001.
Robison, G.A., Arnold, A., and Hartman, R.C., 1969, Divergent effects of epinephrine and prostaglandin El on the level of cyclic AMP in human blood platelets, Pharm. Res. Commun. 1:325.
Rybakowski, J. amd Strzyzewski, W., 1976, Red blood cell lithium index and long-term maintenance treatment, Lancet 1:1408.
Rybakowski, J., 1977, Pharmacogenetic aspect of red blood cell lithium index in manic-depressive psychosis, Biol. Psychiatry, 12:425.
Rybakowski, J., Frazer, A., Mendels, J., and Ramsey, T.A., 1978, Erythrocyte accumulation of the lithium ion in control subjects and patients with primary affective disorder, Comm. Psychopharmacol. 2:99.
Sarkadi, B., Alifimoff, J.K., Gunn, R.B., and Tosteson, D.C., 1978, Kinetics and stoichiometry of Na-dependent Li transport in human red blood cells, J. Gen. Physiol. 72:249.
Schless, A.P., Frazer, A., Mendels, J., Pandey, G.N., and Theodorides, V.J., 1975, Genetic determination of lithium ion metabolism, II. An in vitro study of lithium ion distribution across erythrocyte membranes, Arch, Gen. Psychait. 32:337.
Schou, M., 1973, Preparation, dosage and control, in “Lithium: Its Role in Psychiatric Research and Treatment” (S. Gershon and B. Shopsin, eds.), pp 189–199, Plenum Press, New York.
Sen, A.K., Awad, A.G., Stancer, H.C., and Godse, D.C., 1976, Urinary cyclic AMP in relation to lithium treatment in manic depressive illness, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 163:210.
Spiegel, A.M., Gerner, R.H., Murphy, D.L., and Aurbach, G.D., 1976, Lithium does not inhibit the parathyroid hormone-mediated rise in urinary cyclic AMP and phosphate in humans, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 43:1390.
Smith, C.C., Tallman, J.F., Post, R.M., VanKammen, D.P., Jimmerson, D.C., and Brown, G.L., 1976, An examiniation of base-line and drug induced levels of cyclic nucleotides in the cerebrospinal fluid of control and psychiatric patients, Life Sci. 19:131.
Spitzer, R., Endicott, J., and Robbins, L., 1975, “Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for a Selected Group of Functional Disorders,” 2nd ed., New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research, New York.
Tosteson, D.C. and Hoffman, J.F., 1960, Regulation of cell volume by active cation transport in high and low potassium sheep red cells, J. Gen. Physiol. 44:169.
Trautner, E.M., Morris, R., Noack, C.H., and Gershon, S., 1955, Med. J. Aust. 2:280.
Wang, Y.C., Pandey, G.N., Mendels, J., and Frazer, A., 1974, Effect of lithium on prostaglandin El-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity of human platelets, Biochem. Pharmacol. 23:845.
Wraae, O., Hillman, H., and Round, E., 1976, The uptake of low concentrations of lithium ions into rat cerebral cortex slices and its dependence on cations, J. Neurochemistry 26:835.
Zakowska-Dabrowska, T. and Rybakowski, J., 1973, Lithium-induced EEG changes: Relation to lithium level in serum and red blood cells, Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 49:457.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pandey, G.N., Davis, J.M. (1980). Biology of the Lithium Ion. In: Rossof, A.H., Robinson, W.A. (eds) Lithium Effects on Granulopoiesis and Immune Function. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 127. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0259-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0259-0_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0261-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0259-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive