Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Detectors

  • Chapter
Instrumentation in Applied Nuclear Chemistry

  • 200 Accesses

Abstract

A medium which responds informatively to the phenomena to which it is exposed is a potentially useful detector. An everyday example is the response of the human eye to visible light. The “eye” in a nuclear experiment is the radiation detector. This chapter focuses on radiation detectors frequently used to measure the radiations encountered in radiochemistry.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. D. H. Wilkinson, Ionization Chambers and Counters, Cambridge University Press (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  2. S. A. Korff, Electron and Nuclear Counters (2nd ed.), Van Nostrand, New York (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  3. C. E. Crouthamel, Applied Gamma-Ray Spectrometry, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1960); 2nd ed. (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  4. S. M. Shafroth (Ed.), Scintillation Spectroscopy of Gamma Radiation, Vol. 1, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  5. D. Aliaga-Kelly and D. R. Nicoll, Recent developments in scintillation detectors, Nucl. Instr. Meth. 43:110 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. G. T. Ewan and A. J. Tavendale, High resolution studies of gamma-ray spectra using lithium drift germanium gamma-ray spectrometers, Can. J. Phys. 42:2286 (1964).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. F. S. Goulding (Part I) and J. W. Mayer (Part II), Semiconductor detectors for nuclear spectrometry, I and II, Nucl. Instr. Meth. 43:55 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. J. M. Hollander, The impact of semiconductor detectors on gamma-ray and electron spectroscopy, Nucl. Instr. Meth. 43:65 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. T. Mulvey and A. J. Campbell, Proportional counters in X-ray spectro-chemical analysis, Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 9:406 (1958).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. A. H. Jaffey, Solid angle subtended by a circular aperture at point and spread sources: Formulas and some tables, Rev. Sci. Instr. 25:4 (1954).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. A. V. H. Maskett, R. L. Macklin, and H. W. Schmitt, Tables of Solid Angles and Activations. I. Solid Angle Subtended by a Circular Disc; II. Solid Angle Subtended by a Cylinder; III. Activation of a Cylinder by a Point Source, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission ORNL-2170, Physics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  12. S. S. Nargolwalla, Alpha and Beta Proportional Counting, Ontario Dept. of Health, Rad. Protection Lab., Internal report (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  13. J. B. Birks, The Theory and Practice of Scintillation Counting (Ist ed.), Pergamon Press, Oxford (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  14. C. E. Miner, A semiconductor detector cryostat, Nucl. Instr. Meth. 55:125 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. D. C. Camp, Applications and Optimizations of the Lithium-Drifted Germanium Detector Systems, UCRL-50156 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  16. D. A. Bromley, Nuclear radiation detector, IRE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-9:3 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  17. U. Fano, Ionization yield of Radiation, II. The fluctuations of the number of ions, Phys. Rev. 72:26 (1947).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. S. O. W. Antman, D. A. Landis, and R. H. Pehl, Measurements of the Fano factor and the energy per hole-electron pair in germanium, Nucl. Instr. Meth. 40:272 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. P. Onno, New graph paper for the analysis of Gaussian distributions, Rev. Sci. Instr. 32:1253(1961).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. J. A. Bearden, X-Ray Wavelengths, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, NYO-10586 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  21. P. Axel, Escape peak correction to gamma ray intensity measurements made with sodium iodide crystals, BNL-271 (T-44), (Sept. 1953); Intensity corrections for iodine X-rays escaping from sodium iodide scintillations crystals, Rev. Sci. Instr. 25:391 (1954).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. J. Ungrin and M. W. Johns, Germanium X-ray escape peaks in the 40 to 411 keV range produced by small “windowless” Ge(Li) detectors, Nucl. Instr. Meth. 70:112 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. R. L. Heath, Scintillation Spectrometry Gamma-Ray Spectrum Catalogue, Vols. I and II (2nd ed.), IDO-16880 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  24. J. P. Balagna and S. B. Helnick, An Atlas of Gamma-Ray Spectra, LA-4312 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  25. N. H. Lazar, R. C. Davis, and P. R. Bell, Peak efficiency of NaI, Nucleonics 12:52 (April 1956).

    Google Scholar 

  26. E. Storm, E. Gilbert, and H. Israel, Gamma Ray Absorption Coefficients for Elements 1 to 100 Derived from Theoretical Values of NBS, LASL-2237 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  27. J. H. Hubbell, Photon Cross Sections, Attenuation Coefficients, and Energy Absorption Coefficients from 10 keV to 100 GeV, NSRDS-NBS 29 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  28. M. S. Freedman, T. B. Novey, F. T. Porter, and F. Wagner Jr., Correction for phosphor backscattering in electron scintillation spectrometry, Rev. Sci. Instr. 27:716 (1956).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. G. D. O’Kelley (ed.), Application of Computers to Nuclear and Radiochemistry, Proceedings of a symposium, NAS-NS-3107 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  30. J. J. Steyn and D. W. Harris, A method for semi-automatically generating NaI(Tl) spectrometer response function matrices, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-17:489 (1970).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. M. Giannini, P. Oliva, and M. C. Ramorino, Monte Carlo Calculation of the Energy Loss Spectra for Gamma Rays in Cylindrical NaI(Tl) Crystals, Comitato Nazionale Energia Nucleare, RT/FI(69)15 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  32. J. J. Steyn, R. Huang, and D. W. Harris, Numerical simulation of NaI(Tl) experimental response functions, ANS Transactions 14(1): 125 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  33. J. J. Steyn and D. G. Andrews, Empirical photofractions for NaI(Tl) scintillation crystals, Nucl Instr. Meth. 68:118 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. D. Engelkemeir, Nonlinear response of NaI(Tl) to photons, Rev. Sci. Instr. 27:589 (1956).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. J. J. Steyn, Backscatter of Normally Incident Gamma Photons from Semi-Infinite Media of Varying Atomic Number, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Toronto (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  36. J. T. Routti and S. G. Prussin, Photopeak Analysis of Semiconductor Gamma-Ray Spectra by Computer, UCRL-17672, Univ. of Calif., AEC Contract No. W7405-eng.-48 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  37. R. G. Helmer, D. D. Metcalf, R. L. Heath, and G. A. Cazier, A Linear Least-Squares Fitting Program for the Analysis of Gamma-Ray Spectra Including a Gain-Shift Routine, IDO-17015(1964).

    Google Scholar 

  38. J. R. DeVoe, Radioactive Contamination of Materials Used in Scientific Research, Publication 895, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Report No. 34, (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  39. R. C. Hawking and W. J. Edwards, Apparatus for Routine Quantitative Estimation of Radionuclides by Gamma Scintillation Spectrometry, AECL-819 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. NUS Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, USA

    Julian J. Steyn

  2. Scintrex, Ltd., Concord, Ontario, USA

    Sam S. Nargolwalla

Authors
  1. Julian J. Steyn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sam S. Nargolwalla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. IBM—Netherlands, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Jan Krugers

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1973 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Steyn, J.J., Nargolwalla, S.S. (1973). Detectors. In: Krugers, J. (eds) Instrumentation in Applied Nuclear Chemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1953-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1953-5_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1955-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1953-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation