Skip to main content

Some Old and New Theories in Biochemical Psychiatry

  • Chapter
The Impact of Biology on Modern Psychiatry

Abstract

The boundary between theory and data may be clear to the outside observers of a particular field of science, particularly those who call themselves the philosophers of science, but for the practitioners, working day by day moving constructs into practice, gaining facility for translating abstract notions into operations and back again to revise their theoretical definitions, the boundary tends to dissolve. In the case of a psychiatric physician, for example, libido may start to become observable intensity, the drive behind a compulsion, attachment strength, sexual practices, characterological rigidity, or a variety of other intuitively derived clinical notions. Thousands of pages are spent untangling such confusions, and some gain in understanding results from the enterprise, but the boundary is never clarified. Perhaps the work of clarifying boundary conditions is the task indigenous to research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Boadle-Biber, M: Effect of calcium on tryptophan hydroxylase from rat hind brain. Biochem. Pharmacol. 24: 1455–1460, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, E. & Meek, J.L.: Regulation of the biosynthesis of catecholamines and serotonin in the GNS. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 14: 491–511, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denkla, W.D. & Dewey, H.K.: The determination of tryptophan in plasma, liver, and urine. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 69: 160–169, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernstrom, J.D. & Wurtman, R.J.: Brain serotonin content: Physiological dependence on plasma tryptophan levels. Science (Washington) 173: 149–152, 1971.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gal, E.M., Christiansen, P.A. & Yunger, L.M.: Effect of P-chloro-amphetamine on cerebral tryptophan-5-hydroxylase in vivo: A.ire-examination. Neuropharmacology 14: 31–39, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, F.K., Post, R.M., Dunner, D.L. & Gordon, E.K.: Cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites in affective illness: The probenecid technique. Am. J. Psychiat. 130: 73–79, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GRAHAME-Smith, D.G.: Studies in vivo on the relationship between brain tryptophan, brain 5-HT synthesis, and hyperactivity in rats treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and L-tryptophan. J. Neurochem. 18: 1053–1066, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joh, T.H., Shikimi, T., Pickel, V.M. & Reis, D.J.: Brain tryptophan hydroxylase: Purification of production of antibodies to and cellular and ultrastructural localization in serotonergic neurons of rat midbrain. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 72: 3575–3579, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, S. & Mandell, A.J.: Narcotic drugs: Effects on serotonin biosynthetic systems of the brain. Science (Washington) 177: 1209–1211, 1972.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, S. & Mandell, A.J.: Short-and long-term lithium administration: Effects on the brain’s serotonergic biosyn-thetic systems. Science (Washington) 180: 645–647, 1973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp,S. & Mandell, A.J.: Effects of lithium chloride on parameters of biosynthetic capacity for 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 193: 812–823, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, S. & Mandell, S.J.: Coincidence of blockade of synaptosomal 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake and decrease in tryptophan hydroxylase activity: Effects of fenfluramine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 197: in press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, S. & Mandell, A.J.: Cocaine and lithium: Neurobiological antagonism in the serotonin biosynthetic system in rat brain. Life Sci. 18: 679–684, 1976a.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, S., Mandell, A.J. & Bullard, W.P.: Calcium activiation of brain tryptophan hydroxylase. Life Sci. 16: 1583–1594, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, S., Mandell, A.J. & Geyer, M.A.: Effects of amphetamines on regional tryptophan hydroxylase activity and synaptosomal conversion of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 189: 676–689, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuczenski, R.T. & Mandell, A.J.: Allosteric activation of hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase by ions and sulphated mucopolysaccharides. J. Neurochem. 19: 131–137, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuczenski, R.T. & Mandell, A.J.: Regulatory properties of soluble and particulate rat brain tyrosine hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 247: 3114–3122, 1972a.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandell, A.J. & Knapp, S.: Neurobiological mechanisms in lithium prophylaxis of manic-depressive disease: An hypothesis. In: Almgren, O. et al. (eds.) Chemical Tools in Catecholamine Research II, pp. 9–l6 North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandell, A.J. & Knapp, S.: A neurobiological model for the symmetrical prophylactic action of lithium in bipolar affective disorder. Pharmakopsych. (Stuttgart) 9: 116–124, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandell, A.J. & Knapp, S.: Regulation of serotonin biosynthesis in brain-role of the high affinity uptake of tryptophan into serotonergic neurons. Fed. Proc., in press, 1976a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, R.A., Thoenen, H. & Axelrod, J.: Increase in tyrosine hydroxylase after reserpine administration. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 169: 74–79, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, D.L. & Weiss, R.: Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets from bipolar depressed patients. Am. J. Psychiat. 128: 1351–1357, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neff, N.H. & Costa, E.: Application of steady-state kinetics to the study of catecholamine turnover after monoamine oxidase inhibition or reserpine administration. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 160: 40–47, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paoletti, R. Sirtori, C. Jr. & Spano, P.F.: Clinical relevance of drugs affecting tryptophan transport. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 15: 73–81, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SANDERS-Bush, E., Bushing, J.A. & Sulser, F.: p-Chloroamphetamine inhibition of cerebral tryptophan hydroxylase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 21: 1501–1510, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schou, M.: Clinical prophylactic effects and clinical pharmacology of lithium. Neurosci. Research Prog. Bulletin. 14: in press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal, D.S., Sullivan, J.L. III, Kuczenski, R.T. & Mandell, A.J.: Effects of long-term reserpine treatment on brain tyrosine hydroxylase and behavioral activity. Science (Washington) 173: 847–849, 1971.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, S.H.: Madness and the Brain, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanbury, J.B. et al.: The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tagliamoite, A., Tagliamonte, S., Perez-Cruet, J., Stern, S. & Gessa, G.L.: Effect of psychotropic drugs on tryptophan concentration in the rat brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 177: 475–480, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toser, T.N., Neff, N.H. & Brodie, B.B.: Application of steady-state kinetics to the synthesis rate and turnover time of serotonin in the brain of normal and reserpine-treated rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 153: 177–182, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1977 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mandell, A.J. (1977). Some Old and New Theories in Biochemical Psychiatry. In: Gershon, E.S., Belmaker, R.H., Kety, S.S., Rosenbaum, M. (eds) The Impact of Biology on Modern Psychiatry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0778-5_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0778-5_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-0780-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-0778-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics