Abstract
Man has long been aware of microbial attachment to solid surfaces in the sea and in freshwaters, as slime layers formed by attached microorganisms and their associated polymers are easily detected by touch. Moreover, such slime layers frequently become a nuisance, or even a serious fouling problem, when they occur on submerged man-made structures, such as ship hulls, platforms, or dams.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alexander, M., 1971, Microbial Ecology John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Anderson, J. I. W., and Heffernan, W. P., 1965, Isolation and characterization of filterable marine bacteria, J. Bacteriol. 90 :1713–1718.
Baier, R. E., 1980, Substrata influences on adhesion of microorganisms and their resultant new surface properties, in: Adsorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces (G. Bitton and K. C. Marshall, eds.), pp. 59–104, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
Baier, R. E., 1981, Early events of micro-biofouling of all heat transfer equipment, in: Fouling of Heat Transfer Equipment (E. F. C. Somerscales and J. G. Knudsen, eds.), pp. 293–304, Hemisphere Publ. Co., Washington, D.C.
Baier, R. E., and Loeb, G. I., 1971, Multiple parameters characterizing interfacial films of a protein analogue, polymethyl glutamate, in: Polymer Characterization: Interdisciplinary Approaches (D. D. Craver, ed.), pp. 79–96, Plenum Press, New York.
Bell, K. J., 1978, The effect of fouling on OTEC heat exchanger design, construction and operation, in: Proceedings OTEC Biofouling and Corrosion Symposium (R. H. Gray, ed.), pp. 19–30, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Wash.
Boyle, P. J., and Mitchell, R., 1980, Interactions between microorganisms and wood-boring crustaceans, in: Biodeterioration (T. A. Oxley, G. Becker, and D. Allsopp, eds.), pp. 179–186, Pitman Publ., London, and Biodeterioration Society.
Brown, C. M., Ellwood, D. C., and Hunter, J. R., 1977, Growth of bacteria at surfaces: influence of nutrient limitation, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1 :163–166.
Bryers, J. D., and Charackiis, W. G., 1981, Kinetics of initial biofilm formation within a turbulent flow system, in: Fouling of Heat Transfer Equipment (E. F. C. Somerscales and J. G. Knudsen, eds.), pp. 313–333, Hemisphere Publ. Co., Washington, D.C.
Characklis, W. G., 1980, Biofilm development and destruction, Electric Power Research Institute Report 902–1 (September, 1980).
Characklis, W. G., 1981a, Microbial fouling: a process analysis, in: Fouling of Heat Transfer Equipment (E. F. C. Somerscales and J. G. Knudsen, eds.), pp. 251–291, Hemisphere Publ. Co., Washington, D.C.
Characklis, W. G., 1981 b, Bioengineering report: fouling biofilm development: a process analysis, Biotech. Bioeng. 23 :1923–1960.
Chet, I., Asketh, P., and Mitchell, R., 1975, Repulsion of bacteria from marine surfaces, Appl. Microbiol. 30 :1043–1045.
Christie, A.O., Evans, L. V., and Shaw, M., 1970, Studies on the ship-fouling algae Enteromorpha: II The effect of certain enzymes on the adhesion of zoospores. Ann. Bot. 34 :467-482.
Clark, W. B., and Gibbons, R. J., 1977, Influence of salivary components and extracellular polysaccharide synthesis from sucrose on the attachment of Streptococcus mutans 6715 to hydroxyapatite surfaces, Infect. Immunity 18 :514–523.
Conn, H. J., and Conn, J. E., 1940, The stimulating effect of colloids upon the growth of certain bacteria, J. Bacteriol. 39 :99–100.
Corpe, W. A., 1970, An acid polysaccharide produced by primary film-forming bacteria, Develop. Ind. Microbiol. 11 :402–412.
Corpe, W. A., 1973, Microfouling: the role of primary film-forming bacteria, in: Proc. 3rd Int. Congr. Mar. Corrosion Fouling (R. F. Acker, B. F. Brown, J. R. DePalma, and W. P. Iverson, eds.), pp. 598–609, Northwestern Univ. Press, Evanston, Ill.
Corpe, W. A., Matsuuchi, L., and Armbruster, B., 1976, Secretion of adhesive polymers and attachment of marine bacteria to surfaces, in: Proc. 3rd Int. Biodegradation Symp. (J. M. Sharpley and A. M. Kaplan, eds.). pp. 433–442, Applied Science Publ., London.
Costerton, J. W., Geesey, G. G., and Cheng, K-J., 1978, How bacteria stick, Sci. Am. 238 :86–95.
Cundell, A. M., Sleeter, T. D., and Mitchell, R., 1977, Microbial populations associated with the surface of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Microb. Ecol. 4:81–91.
Curtis, A. S. G., 1979, Summing-up, in: Adhesion of Microorganisms to Surfaces (D. C. Ellwood, J. Melling, and P. Rutter, eds.), pp. 199–208, Academic Press, London.
Dahlbäck, B., Hermansson, M., Kjelleberg, S., and Norkrans, B., 1981, The hydrophobicity of bacteria-an important factor in their initial adhesion at the air-water interface, Arch. Microbiol. 128:267–270.
Danielsson, A., Norkrans, B., and Björnsson, A., 1977, On bacterial adhesion-the effect of certain enzymes on adhered cells of a marine Pseudomonas sp, Botan. Mar. 20: 13–17.
Dawson, M. P., Humphrey, B. A., and Marshall, K. C., 1981, Adhesion, a tactic in the survival strategy of a marine vibrio during starvation. Curro Microbiol. 6:195–198.
Dazzo, F. B., 1980, Microbial adhesion to plant surfaces, in: Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces (R. C. W. Berkeley, J. M. Lynch, J. Melling, P. R. Rutter, and B. Vincent, eds.), pp. 311–328, Ellis Horwood Publ., Chichester.
Dempsey, M. J., 1981, Marine bacterial fouling: a scanning electron microscope study, Mar. Bioi. 61:305–315.
Dexter, S. C., 1979, Influence of substratum critical surface tension on bacterial adhesion-in situ studies, J. Coli. Interface Sci. 70:346–354.
Dexter, S. C., Sullivan, J. D. Jr., Williams, J., and Watson, S. W., 1975, Influence of substratum wettability on the attachment of marine bacteria to various surfaces, Appl. Microbiol. 30:298–308.
Douglas, S. R., Fleming, A., and Colebrook, M. B., 1917, On the growth of anaerobic bacilli in fluid media under apparently aerobic conditions, Lancet 2 :530–532.
Ellen, R. P., Walker, D. L., and Chan, K. H., 1978, Association of long surface appendages with adherence-related functions of the Gram-positive species Actinomyces naeslundii. J. Bacteriol. 134:1171–1175.
Ellwood, D. C., Hunter, J. R., and Longyear, V. M. C., 1974, Growth of Streptococcus mutans in a chemostat, Arch. Oral Bioi. 19:659–664.
Fletcher, M., 1976, The effects of proteins on bacterial attachment to polystyrene, J. Gen. Microbioi. 94:400–404.
Fletcher, M., 1977, The effects of culture concentration and age, time and temperature on bacterial attachment to polystyrene, Can. J. Microbiol. 23:1–6.
Fletcher, M., 1979, A microautoradiographic study of the activity of attached and free-living bacteria, Arch. Microbiol. 122:271–274.
Fletcher, M., 1980, The question of passive versus active attachment mechanisms in nonspecific bacterial adhesion, in: Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces (R. C. W. Berkeley, J. M. Lynch, J. Melling, P. R. Rutter, and B. Vincent, eds.), pp. 197–210, Ellis Horwood Publ., Chichester.
Fletcher, M., and Floodgate, G. D., 1973, An electron-microscopic demonstration of an acidic polysaccharide involved in adhesion of a marine bacterium to solid surfaces, J. Gen. Microbioi. 74:325–334.
Fletcher, M., and Floodgate, G. D., 1976, The adhesion of bacteria to solid surfaces, in: Microbial Ultrastructure: the Use of the Electron Microscope (R. Fuller and D. W. Lovelock, eds.), pp. 101–107, Academic Press, London.
Fletcher, M., and Loeb, G. I., 1979, The influence of substratum characteristics on the attachment of a marine pseudomonad to solid surfaces, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:67–72.
Fletcher, M., and Marshall, K. C., 1982, A bubble contact angle method for evaluating substratum interfacial characteristics and its relevance to bacterial attachment Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (in press).
Fuhrman, J. A., 1981, Influence of method on the apparent size distribution of bacterioplankton cells: epifluorescence microscopy compared to scanning electron microscopy, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 5:103–106.
Gerchakov, S. M., Marszalek, D. S., Roth, F. J., and Udey, L. R., 1977, Succession of periphytic microorganisms on metal and glass surfaces in: Proc. 4th Int. Congr. Mar. Corrosion Fouling (V. Romanovsky, ed.), pp. 203–211, Centre de Recherches et d’Etudes Oceanographiques, Boulogne, France.
Gerchakov, S. M., Marszalek, D. S., Roth, F. J., Sallman, B., and Udey, L. R., 1978, Observations on microfouling applicable to OTEC systems, in: Proceedings OTEC Biofouling and Corrosion Symposium (R. H. Gray, ed.), pp. 63–75, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Wash.
Gerson, D. F., 1980, Cell surface. energy, contact angles and phase partition I. Lymphocytic cell lines in biphasic aqueous mixtures, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 602:269–280.
Gerson, D. F., and Akit, J., 1980, Cell surface energy, contact angles and phase partition II. Bacterial cells in biphasic aqueous mixtures, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 602:281–284.
Gerson, D. F., and Scheer, D., 1980, Cell surface energy, contact angles and phase partition III. Adhesion of bacterial cells to hydrophobic surfaces. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 602:506–510
Goulder, R., 1977, Attached and free bacteria in an estuary with abundant suspended solids, J. Appl. Bacteriol. 43:399–405.
Harden, V. P., and Harris, J. O., 1953, The isoelectric point of bacterial cells, J. Bacteriol. 65:198–202.
Hargraves, B. T., and Phillips, G. A., 1977, Oxygen uptake of microbial communities on solid surfaces, in: Aquatic Microbial Communities (J. Cairns, eds.), pp. 545–587, Garland Publ., New York.
Harremoës, P., 1978, Biofilm kinetics, in: Water Pollution Microbiology, Vol. 2 (R. Mitchell, ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Harvey, R. W., and Young, L. Y., 1980, Enumeration of particle-bound and unattached respiring bacteria in the salt marsh environment, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:156–160.
Harwood, J. H., and Pirt, S. J., 1972, Quantitative aspects of growth of the methane oxidizing bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus on methane in shake flask and continuous chemostat culture, J. Appl. Bacteriol. 35:597–607.
Hattori, T., and Furusaka, C., 1959, Chemical activities of Escherichia coli adsorbed on a resin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 31:581–582.
Hattori, T., and Furusaka, C., 1960, Chemical activities of Escherichia coli adsorbed on a resin, J. Biochem. 48:831–837.
Hattori, R., and Hattori, T., 1963, Effect of a liquid-solid interface on the life of microorganisms, Ecol. Rev. 16:64–70.
Hendricks, C. W., 1974, Sorption of heterotrophic and enteric bacteria to glass surfaces in the continuous culture of river water, Appl. Microbiol. 28:572–578.
Heukelekian, H., and Heller, A., 1940, Relation between food concentration and surface for bacterial growth, J. Bacteriol. 40:547–558.
Hirsch, P., 1979, Life under conditions of low nutrient concentrations, in: Strategies of Microbial Life in Extreme Environments (M. Shilo, ed.), pp. 357–372, Dahlem Konfr. Life Sci. Res. Report 13, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim.
Hirsch, P., and Pankratz, S. H., 1971, Studies of bacterial populations in natural environments by use of submerged electron microscope grids, Z. Allg. Mikrobiol. 10:589–605.
Hoppe, H.-G., 1976, Determination and properties of actively metabolizing heterotrophic bacteria in the sea, investigated by means of microautoradiography, Mar. BioI. 36:291–302.
Hossell, J. C., and Baker, J. H., 1979, A note on the enumeration of epiphytic bacteria by microscopic methods with particular reference to two freshwater plants, J. Appl. Bacteriol. 46:87–92.
Humphrey, B. A., Dickson, M. R., and Marshall, K. C., 1979, Physicochemical and in situ observations on the adhesion of gliding bacteria to surfaces, Arch. Microbiol. 120:231–238.
Jannasch, H. W., 1967, Enrichments of aquatic bacteria in continuous culture, Arch. Mikrobiol. 59:165–173.
Jannasch, H. W., and Pritchard, P. H., 1972, The role of inert particulate matter in the activity of aquatic microorganisms, Mem. 1st. Ital. Idrobiol. 29 Suppl: 289–308.
Jordan, T. L., and Staley, J. T., 1976, Electron microscopic study of succession in the periphyton community of Lake Washington, Microb. Ecol. 2:241–251.
Kjelleberg, S., Lagercrantz, C., and Larsson, T., 1980, Quantitative analysis of bacterial hydrophobicity studied by the binding of dodecanoic acid, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 7:41–44.
Kjelleberg, S., Humphrey, B. A., and Marshall, K. C., 1982, The effects of interfaces on small starved marine bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:1166–1172.
Koch, A. L., 1979, Microbial growth in low concentrations of nutrients, in: Strategies of Microbial Life in Extreme Environments (M. Shilo, ed.), pp. 261–279, Dahlem Konfr. Life Sci. Res. Report 13, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim.
Kunc, F., and Stotzky, G., 1970, Breakdown of some aldehydes in soils with different amounts of montmorillonite and kaolinite, Folia Microbiol. 15:216.
Kunznetzov, S. I., Dubinina, G. A., and Lapteva, N. A., 1979, Biology of oligotrophic bacteria, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 33:377–387.
Lahav, N., 1962, Adsorption of sodium bentonite particles on Bacillus subtilis, Plant and Soil 17:191–208.
Leech, R., and Hefford, R. J. W., 1980, The observation of bacterial deposition from a flowing suspension, in: Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces (R. C. W. Berkeley, J. M. Lynch, J. Melling, P. R. Rutter, B. Vincent, eds.), pp. 544–545, Ellis Horwood Publ., Chichester.
Loeb, G. I., 1977, The settlement of fouling organisms on hydrophobic surfaces, Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report 3665, Washington, D.C.
Lupton, F. S., and Marshall, K. C., 1981, Specific adhesion of bacteria to heterocysts of Anabaena spp. and its ecological significance, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:1085–1092.
Maigetter, R. Z., and Pfister, R. M., 1975, A mixed bacterial population in a continuous culture with and without kaolinite, Can. J. Microbiol. 21:173–180.
Marshall, K. C., 1968, Interaction between colloidal montmorillonite and cells of Rhizobium species with different ionogenic surfaces, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 156:179–186.
Marshall, K. C., 1979, Growth at interfaces, in: Strategies of Microbial Life in Extreme Environments (M. Shilo, ed.), pp. 281–290, Dahlem Konfr. Life Sci. Res. Report 13, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim.
Marshall, K. C., 1980, Reactions of microorganisms, ions and macromolecules at interfaces, In: Contemporary Microbial Ecology (D. C. Ellwood, J. N. Hedger, M. J. Latham, J. M. Lynch, and J. H. Slater, eds.), pp. 93–106, Academic Press, London.
Marshall, K. C., and Cruickshank, R. H., 1973, Cell surface hydrophobicity and the orientation of certain bacteria at interfaces, Arch. Mikrobiol. 91:29–40.
Marshall, K. C., Stout, R., and Mitchell, R., 1971a, Mechanism of the initial events in the sorption of marine bacteria to surfaces, J. Gen. Microbiol. 68:337–348.
Marshall, K. C., Stout, R., and Mitchell, R., 1971b, Selective sorption of bacteria from seawater, Can J. Microbiol. 17:1413–1416.
Marszalek, D. S., Gerchakov, S. M., and Udey, L. R., 1979, Influence of substrate composition on marine microfouling, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:987–995.
Meyer-Reil, L-A, 1978, Autoradiograpny and epiftuorescnece microscopy combined for the determination of number and spectrum of actively metabolizing bacteria in natural waters, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:506–512.
Minato, H., and Suto, T., 1976, Technique for fractionation of bacteria in rumen microbial ecosystem. I. Attachment of rumen bacteria to starch granules and elution of bacteria attached to them, J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 22:259–276.
Moss, B., 1980, Ecology of Fresh Waters Blackwell, Oxford.
Navarro, J. M., and Durand, G., 1977, Modification of yeast metabolism by immobilisation onto porous glass, Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. 4:243–254.
Neihof, R. A., and Loeb, G. I., 1972, The surface charge of particulate matter in seawater, Limnol.Oceanogr. 17:7–16.
Neihof, R., and Loeb, G., 1974, Dissolved organic matter in seawater and the electric charge of immersed surfaces, J. Mar. Res. 32:5–12.
Neumann, A. W., Good, R. J., Hope, C. J., and Sejpal, M., 1974. An equation-of-state approach to determine surface tensions of low energy solids from contact angles, J. Coli. Interface Sci. 49:291–304.
Neumann, A. W., Absolom, D. R., van Oss, C. J., and Zingg, W., 1979, Surface thermodynamics of leukocyte and platelet adhesion to polymer surfaces, Cell. Biophys. 1:79–92.
Norde, W., and Lyklema, J., 1978, Adsorption of proteins from aqueous solution on negatively charged polystyrene surfaces, in: Ions in Macromolecular and Biological Systems (D. H. Everett and B. Vincent, eds.), pp. 11–35, Scientechnica, Bristol.
Nováková, J., 1970, Effect of clay minerals on the mineralisation of peptone in liquid medium, Folia Microbiol. 15 :217.
Novitsky, J. A., and Morita, R. Y., 1976, Morphological characterization of small cells resulting from nutrient starvation of a psychrophilic marine vibrio, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32:617–622.
Novitsky, J. A., and Morita, R. Y., 1977, Survival of a psychrophilic marine vibrio under long term nutrient starvation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33 :635–641.
Novitsky, J. A., and Morita, R. Y., 1978, Possible strategy for the survival of marine bacteria under starvation conditions, Mar. BioI. 48 :289–295.
Olsson, J., Glantz, P.-O., and Krasse, B., 1976, Surface potential and adherence of oral streptococci to solid surfaces, Scand. J. Dent. Res. 84 :240–242.
Ørstavik, D., 1977, Sorption of streptococci to glass: effects of macromolecular solutes, Acta. Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 85:47–53.
Owens, D. K., and Wendt, R. C., 1969, Estimation of the surface free energy of polymers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 13:1741–1747.
Paerl, H. W., 1976, Specific association of the blue-green algae Anabaena and Aphanizomenon with bacteria in freshwater blooms, J. Phycol. 12:431–435.
Pertsovskaya, A. F., Duda, V. I., and Zvyagintsev, D. G., 1972, Surface ultrastructure of adsorbed microorganisms, Soviet Soil Sci. 4:684–689.
Poindexter, J. S., 1981a, The caulobacters: ubiquitous unusual bacteria, Microbiol. Rev. 45: 123–179.
Poindexter, J. S., 1981 b, Oligotrophy: fast and famine existence, in: Advances in Microbial Ecology, Vol. 5 (M. Alexander, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, 1981.
Rheinheimer, G., 1980, Aquatic Microbiology (2nd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Rolla, G., 1980, On the chemistry of the matrix of dental plaque, in: Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces (R. C. W. Berkeley, J. M. Lynch, J. Melling, P. R. Rutter, and B. Vincent, eds.), pp. 425–439, Ellis Horwood Publ., Chichester.
Roper, M. M., and Marshall, K. C., 1974, Modification of the interaction between Escherichia coli and bacteriophage in saline sediments, Microb. Ecol. 1:1–13.
Rutter, P., and Leech, R., 1980, The deposition of Streptococcus sanguis NCTC 7868 from a flowing suspension, J. Gen. Microbiol. 120:301–307.
Rutter, P., and Vincent, B., 1980, The adhesion of microorganisms to surfaces: physico-Chemical aspects, in: Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces (R. C. W. Berkeley, J. M. Lynch, J. Melling, P. R. Rutter and B. Vincent, eds.), pp. 79–92, Ellis Horwood Publ., Chichester.
Sanders, M. W., III, 1967, The growth and development of attached stream bacteria, Part I. Theoretical growth kinetics of attached stream bacteria, Water Resources Res. 3:81–87.
Santoro, T., and Stotzky, G., 1967, Effect of cations and pH on the electrophoretic mobility of microbial cells and clay minerals, Bacteriol. Proc. 1967:A15.
Saunders, P. T., and Bazin, M. J., 1973, Nonsteady state studies of nitrification in soil: theoretical considerations, Soil BioI. Biochem. 5:545–557.
Shands, J. W., 1966, Localization of somatic antigen on gram-negative bacteria using ferritin antibody conjugates, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 133:292–298.
Sieburth, J. McN., 1968, The influence of algal antibiosis on the ecology of marine microorganisms, Adv. Microbiol. Sea 1:63–94.
Sieburth, J. McN., 1975, Microbial Seascapes University Park Press, Baltimore.
Sims, R. C., and Little, L., 1973, Enhanced nitrification by addition of clinoptilolite to tertiary activated sludge units. Environ. Lett. 4:27–34.
Stevenson, L. H., 1978, A case for dormancy in aquatic systems, Microb. Ecol. 4:127–133.
Stotzky, G., 1966a, Influence of clay minerals on microorganisms II. Effect of various clay species, homionic clays, and other particles on bacteria, Can. J. Microbiol. 12:831–848.
Stotzky, G., 1966b, Influence of clay minerals on microorganisms III. Effect of particle size, cation exchange capacity and surface area on bacteria, Can. J. Microbiol. 12:1235–1246.
Stotzky, G., and Rem, L. T., 1966, Influence of clay minerals on microorganisms, I. ontmorillonite and kaolinite on bacteria, Can. J. Microbial. 12:547–563.
Sutherland, I. W., 1980, Polysaccharides in the adhesion of marine and freshwater bacteria, in: Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces (R. C. W. Berkeley, J. M. Lynch, J. Melling, P. R. Rutter, and B. Vincent, eds.), pp. 329–338. Ellis Horwood Publ., Chichester.
Sutherland, I. W., and Wilkinson, J. F., 1961, A new growth medium for virulent Bordetella pertussis, J. Path. Bact. 82:431–438.
Tabor, P. S., Ohwada, K., and Colwell, R. R., 1981, Filterable marine bacteria found in the deep sea: distribution, taxonomy, and response to starvation, Microb. Ecol. 7:67–83.
Tadros, T. F., 1980, Particle-surface adhesion, in: Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces (R. C. W. Berkeley, J. M. Lynch, J. Melling, P. R. Rutter, and B. Vincent, eds.), pp. 93–116, Ellis Horwood Publ., Chichester.
Takakuwa, S., Fujimori, T., and Iwasaki, H., 1979, Some properties of cell-sulfur adhesion in Thiobacillus thiooxidans. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 25:21–29.
Tyler, P. A., and Marshall, K. C., 1967, Form and function in manganese-oxidizing bacteria, Arch. Mikrobiol. 56:344–353.
Ward, J. B., and Berkeley, R. C. W., 1980, The microbial cell surface and adhesion, in: Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces (R. C. W. Berkeley, J. M. Lynch, J. Melling, P. R. Rutter, and B. Vincent, eds.), pp. 47–66, Ellis Horwood Publ., Chichester.
Wardell, J. N., Brown, C. M., and Ellwood, D. C., 1980, A continuous culture study of the attachment of bacteria to surfaces, in: Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces (R. C. W. Berkeley, J. M. Lynch, J. Melling, P. R. Rutter, and B. Vincent, eds.), pp. 221–230, Ellis Horwood Publ., Chichester.
Weise, W., and Rheinheimer, G., 1978, Scanning electron microscopy and epifluorescence investigation of bacterial colonization of marine sand sediments, Microb. Ecol. 4: 175–188.
Weiss, L., 1961a, The measurement of cell adhesion, Exp. Cell Res. (Suppl.) 8:141–153.
Weiss, L., 1961 b, Studies on cellular adhesion in tissue culture-IV. The alteration of substrata by cell surfaces. Exp. Cell Res. 25:504–517.
Wood, J. M., 1980, The interaction of microorganisms with ion exchange resins, in: Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces (R. C. W. Berkeley, J. M. Lynch, J. Melling, P. R. Rutter, and B. Vincent, eds.), pp. 163–185, Ellis Horwood Publ., Chichester.
Wu, S., 1980, Surface tension of solids: generalisation and reinterpretation of critical surface tension, in: Adhesion and Adsorption of Polymers (L.-H. Lee, ed.), pp. 53–65, Plenum Press, New York.
Zimmermann, R., Iturriaga, R., and Becker-Birck, J., 1978, Simultaneous determination of the total number of aquatic bacteria and the number thereof involved in respiration, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:926–935.
Zisman, W. A., 1964, Relation of the equilibrium contact angle to liquid and solid constitution, Adv. Chern. 43:1–51.
ZoBell, C. E., 1943, The effect of solid surfaces upon bacterial activity, J. Bacteriol. 46:39–56.
Zvyagintsev, D. G., and Velikanov, L. L., 1968, Influence of adsorbents on the activity of bacteria growing on media with amino acids, Microbiology 37:861–866.
Zvyagintsev, D. G., Pertsovskaya, A. F., Yakhnin, E. D., and Averbakh, E. I., 1971, Adhesion value of microorganism cells to solid surfaces, Microbiology 40:889–893.
Zvyagintsev, D. G., Guzev, V. S., and Guzeva, I. S., 1977, Relationship between adsorption of microorganisms and the stage of their development, Microbiology 46:245–249.
Zvagintseva, I. S., and Zvyagintsev, D. G., 1969, Effect of microbial cell adsorption onto steroid crystals on the transformation of the steroid, Microbiology 38:691–694.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fletcher, M., Marshall, K.C. (1982). Are Solid Surfaces of Ecological Significance to Aquatic Bacteria?. In: Marshall, K.C. (eds) Advances in Microbial Ecology. Advances in Microbial Ecology, vol 6. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8318-9_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8318-9_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8320-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8318-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive