Abstract
National policies, including but not restricted to government actions, influence innovation based on genetics. The economic impact of new genetic techniques has been greatest in medicine and agriculture. Human genetics has led mainly to medical applications, including diagnostics and the most lucrative market, therapeutic pharmaceuticals. Development of diagnostic and therapeutic products depends to an unusual extent on government and private funding for research, intellectual property protection, norms governing academic science, product regulation by government, and historical and cultural factors that influence how national governments frame issues arising from human genetics.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bush, V. 1945. Science—The Endless Frontier, Office of Scientific Research and Development.
Cockburn, I. & Henderson, R. 1996. “Public-Private Interaction in Pharmaceutical Research” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 93, pp. 12725–12730.
Cohen, S.N. & Boyer, H.W. 1980. “Process for Producing Biologically Functional Molecular Chimeras” US Patent # 4,237,224, USA, University of California and Stanford University.
Cohen, S.N. & Boyer, H.W. 1984. “Biologically Functional Molecular Chimeras” US Patent # 4,468,464, USA, University of California and Stanford University.
Cohen, S.N. & Boyer, H.W. 1988. “Biologically Functional Molecular Chimeras” US Patent # 4,740,470, USA, University of California and Stanford University.
Diamond v. Chakrabarty 1980. Diamond, Commission of Patents and Trademarks, v. Chakrabarty. Washington, DC, Supreme Court of the United States.
Dupree, A.H. 1985. Science and the Federal Government. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Eisenberg, R.S. 1990. “Patenting the Human Genome” Emory Law Journal, Vol. 39, pp. 721–745.
Eisenberg, R.S. 1992. “Genes, Patents, and Product Development” Science, Vol. 257, pp. 903–908.
Eisenberg, R.S. 1997. “Structure and Function in Gene Patenting” Nature Genetics, Vol. 15, pp. 125–130.
Gambardella, A. 1995. Science and Innovation: The US. Pharmaceutical Industry During the 1980s, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gee, H.H. & Narin, F. 1986. NIH Program Evaluation Report: An Analysis of Research Publications Supported by NIH 1973–1976 and 1977–1980, National Institutes of Health and Computer Horizons, Inc.
Hall, S.S. 1987. Invisible Frontiers: The Race to Synthesize a Human Gene, New York: Atlantic Monthly Books.
Henderson, R. & Jaffe, A., et al. 1994. “Universities as a Source of Commercial Technology: A Detailed Analy-sis of University Patenting, 1965–1988” Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research [Re-published in Journal of Economics and Statistics, 1998, Vol. 80, pp. 119–127].
Kohler, R.E. 1991. Partners in Science: Foundations and Natural Scientists, 1900–1945, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Mansfield, E. 1991. “Academic Research and Industrial Innovation” Research Policy, Vol. 20, pp. 1–12.
Mansfield, E. 1995. “Academic Research Underlying Industrial Innovations: Sources, Characteristics, and Financing” Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 77, pp. 55–65.
Marshall, E. 1997a. “A Bitter Battle Over Insulin Gene” Science, Vol. 277, pp. 1028–1030.
Marshall, E. 1997b. “Courts Take a Narrow View of UC’s Claims” Science, Vol. 277, p. 1029.
McCormack, S. 1998. Personal Communication, DNA Patent Database, Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University and Foundation for Genetic Medicine, Manassas, Virginia.
Michaud, C. & Murray, C.J.L. 1996. Resources for Health Research and Development in 1992: A Global Overview, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Miles, R.E. 1974. The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, New York: Praeger.
Narin, F. & Olivastro, D. 1992. “Status Report: Linkage Between Technology and Science” Research Policy, Vol. 21, pp. 237–249.
Narin, F. & Rozek, R.P. 1988. “Bibliometric Analysis of U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry Research Performance” Research Policy, Vol. 17, pp. 139–154.
National Academy of Engineering 1992. Time Horizons and Technology Investments, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, et al. 1995. Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
National Research Council 1997. Intellectual Property Rights and Research Tools in Molecular Biology, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
National Research Council 1998. Trends in the Early Career of Life Scientists, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Patterson, J.T. 1987. The Dread Disease: Cancer and Modern American Culture, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers Association 1997. Annual Survey, Washington, DC: Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers Association.
Rapoport, A.I. 1999. How Has the Field Mix of Federal Research Funding Changed Over the Past Three Decades? Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.
Rosegrant, S. & Lampe D.R. 1992. Route 128: Lessons from Boston’s High-Tech Community, New York: Basic Books.
Saxenian, A. 1994. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Strickland, S.P. 1972. Politics, Science, and Dread Disease: A Short History of United States Medical Research Policy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Swann, J.P. 1988. Academic Scientists and the Pharmaceutical Industry, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
US Congress 1984. Commercial Biotechnology, An International Analysis, Washington, DC: Office of Technology Assessment.
US Congress 1991. Biotechnology in a Global Economy, Washington, DC: Office of Technology Assessment.
US Congress 1993. Pharmaceutical R&D: Costs,Risks, and Rewards, Washington, DC: Office of Technology Assessment.
US Congress 1995. Innovation and Commercialization of Emerging Technologies, Washington, DC: Office of Technology Assessment.
Woodall, B. & Yoshikawa, A. 1997. “Japan’s Failure in Pharmaceuticals: Why is the World Saying `No’ to Japanese Drugs?” Personal communication and preprint, available online at http://www.ciber.gatech.edu/workingpaper/197/woodall.html.
Zucker, L.G. & Darby, M.R. 1996. “Star Scientists and Institutional Transformation: Patterns of Invention and Innovation in the Formation of the Biotechnology Industry” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA Vol. 93 (November), pp. 12709–12716.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cook-Deegan, R.M. (1999). National Policies Influencing Innovation based on Human Genetics. In: Caulfield, T.A., Williams-Jones, B. (eds) The Commercialization of Genetic Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4713-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4713-6_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7135-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-4713-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive