Abstract
A phenomenon generally referred to as dielectric breakdown or electrical breakdown is an increase in conduction of a material by several orders of magnitude resulting from the failure of dielectrics under electric stress. The parameter which describes the quality of material as a dielectric from the point of view of electrical breakdown is the voltage at which the process occurs, divided by the dielectric thickness. It is loosely referred to by such terms as the breakdown field strength, dielectric strength, or instrinsic electrical strength. The magnitude of such a strength depends upon the composition and structure of the dielectric, but, in addition, is often a function of the multiplicity of external variables such as the uniformity of the electrical field, the heating effects caused by long stress times, and the quality of electrodes between which the dielectric is placed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
N. J. Felici, IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 23 (1988) 497.
J. C. Devins, S. J. Rzad, and R. J. Schwabe, J. Appl. Phys. 52 (1981) 4531.
A. H. Sharbaugh, J. C. Devins, and S. J. Rzad, IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. EI-13 (1978) 249.
P. P. Wong and E. O. Forster, IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. EI-17 (1982) 203.
W. G. Chadband and J. H. Calderwood, J. Electrostat. 7 (1979) 75.
B. Farazmand, Br. J. Appl. Phys. 12 (1961) 251.
E. Q. Forster, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Conductivity Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids, Berlin, Germany, 1981, p. 199.
R. E. Hebner, E. F. Kelley, E. Q. Forster, and G. J. Fitzpatric, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Conductivity Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids, Berlin, Germany, 1981, p. 177.
A. J. Beddow and J. E. Brignell, Electron. Lett. 2 (1966) 142.
N. J. Felici, IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. EI-20 (1985) 233.
K. A. MacFayden, Br. J. Appl. Phys. 6 (1955) 1.
G. Kortum, Treatise on Electrochemistry ,Elsevier, New York, 1965, p. 202.
I. Adamczewski, Ionization, Conductivity and Dielectric Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids ,Taylor and Francis, London, 1969.
N. J. Felici, Direct Current 2 (1971) 90.
A. Nikuradse, Phys. Z. 19 (1928).
A. Nikuradse, Das Flüssige Dielektrikum ,Springer, Berlin, 1934.
M. Szklarczyk, R. C. Kainthla, and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Electrochem. Soc. 136 (1989) 2512.
N. Felici, Rev. Gen. Elect. 78 (1969) 717.
S. Theoleyre and R. Tobazeon, IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. EI-20 (1985) 213.
W. F. Schmidt, IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. EI-17 (1982) 478.
T. J. Gallagher, Simple Dielectric Liquids ,Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975.
H. J. Plumley, Phys. Rev. 59 (1941) 200.
T. J. Lewis, Prog. Dielectr. 1 (1959) 97.
G. Briere, G. Cauquis, B. Rose, and P. Servoz-Gavin, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 265 (1967) 503.
N. Felici, G. Gosse, and J. P. Goose, Rev. Gen. Electr. 85 (1976) 861.
N. Felici, J. Electrostat. 12 (1982) 165.
S. Theoleyre and R. Tobazeon, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 296 (1983) 541.
J. O’M. Bockris and A. K. N. Reddy, Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry ,Plenum/Rosetta, New York, 1977.
P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry ,W. H. Freeman, New York, 1986.
E. A. Moelwyn-Hughes, Physical Chemistry ,2nd ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978.
D. M. Mohilner, in Electroanalytical Chemistry ,Vol. 1, Ed. by A. J. Bard, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1966.
K. A. MacFayden, Br. J. Appl. Phys. 6 (1955) 1.
R. W. Crowe, J. Appl. Phys. 27 (1956) 156.
S. U. M. Khan and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 52 (1981) 7270.
J. O’M. Bockris, D. Drazic, and A. R. Despic, Electrochim. Acta 4 (1961) 325.
D. B. Fenneman and R. J. Gripshover, Proceedings of the Second IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, 1979, p. 122.
Ch. Oliver, J. Electrostat. 12 (1982) 291.
G. Coe, J. F. Hughes, and P. E. Secker, Br. J. Appl. Phys. 17 (1966) 885.
B. Halpern and R. Gomer, J. Chem. Phys. 51 (1969) 1031.
R. Coelho and P. Sibillot, Nature 221 (1969) 757.
W. F. Schmidt and W. Schnabel, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 75 (1971) 654.
W. Schnabel and W. F. Schmidt, J. Polym. Sci. Symp. 42 (1973) 273.
W. Schottky, Phys. Z. 15 (1914) 872.
R. H. Fowler and L. W. Nordheim, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 119 (1928) 173.
A. H. Sharbaugh and P. K. Watson, Prog. Dielect. 4 (1962) 199.
T. J. Lewis, IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. EI-20 (1985) 123.
R. Gomer, Acc. Chem. Res. 2 (1972) 41.
K. Dotoku, H. Yamada, S. Sakamoto, S. Noda, and H. Yoshida, J. Chem. Phys. 69 (1978) 1121.
T. J. Lewis, Proc. Phys. Soc. B 68 (1955) 504.
M. Wien, Ann. Phys. 83 (1927) 327.
M. Wien, Ann. Phys. 85 (1928) 195.
S. Glasstone, An Introduction to Electrochemistry ,Van Nostrand, New York, 1942.
L. Onsager, J. Chem. Phys. 2 (1934) 599.
P. Langevin, Ann. Chim. Phys. 28 (1903) 433.
A. Persoons, J. Phys. Chem. 78 (1974) 1210.
J. Everaert and A. Persoons, in Protons and Ions Involved in Fast Dynamic Phenomena ,Ed. by Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1978, p. 218.
K. Clinkspoor, J. Everaert, and A. Persoons, in Non Linear Behaviour of Molecules, Atoms and Ions in Electric, Magnetic or Electromagnetic Fields ,Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1979, p. 381.
Z. Randriamalala, A. Denat, J. P. Gosse, and B. Gosse, IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. EI-20 (1985) 167.
B. Halpern and R. Gomer, J. Chem. Phys. 51 (1969) 1048.
U. Usaf and I. T. Steinberger, Phys. Rev. B1O (1974) 4464.
R. H. Bottcher and W. F. Schmidt, J. Electrostat. 12 (1982) 153.
J. Casanovas, R. Grob, D. Delacroix, J. P. Guelfucci, and D. Blanc, J. Chem. Phys. 75 (1981) 4661.
A. Bermas, D. Grand, and E. Amauyal, J. Phys. Chem. 84 (1980) 1259.
C. E. Krohn, P. R. Antoniewicz, and J. C. Thompson, Surf. Sci. 101 (1980) 241.
J. S. Townsend, The Theory of Ionization of Gases by Collision ,Constable, London, 1910.
K. A. MacFayden and G. S. Helliwell, J. Electrochem. Soc. 106 (1959) 1022.
P. K. Watson and A. H. Sharbaugh, J. Electrochem. Soc. 107 (1960) 516.
J. C. Lacroix, P. Atten, and E. J. Hopfinger, J. Fluid Mech. 69 (1975) 539.
E. V. Yanshin and I. T. Ovchinnikov, Eighth International Conference on Conductivity Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids 1984, p. 83.
Z. Krasucki, Proceedings of the Grenoble Conference, 1968, p. 311.
Z. Krasucki, Proceedings of the Dublin Conference, 1972, p. 129.
T. W. Dakin and D. Berg, Nature 184 (1959) 120.
Z. Krasucki, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 294 (1966) 393.
K. C. Kao, IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. EI-11 (1976) 121.
R. H. Perry and D. Green, Perry’ Chemical Engineers’ Handbook ,6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.
B. B. Fenneman and R. J. Gripshover, IEEE 14th Pulse Power Modulator Symposium, 1980.
K. C. Kao and J. B. Higham, J. Electrochem. Soc. 108 (1961) 252.
K. C. Kao, J. Appl. Phys. 55 (1984) 752.
Z. Krasucki, Annual Report of the 1971 Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, p. 96.
W. R. L. Thomas, Annual Report of the 1972 Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, p. 52.
W. R. L. Thomas, Annual Report of the 1973 Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, p. 130.
M. Hara, T. Kaneko, and K. Honda, Cryogenics 27 (1987) 93.
E. O. Forster, IEEE Trans. EI-15 (1980) 102.
E. O. Forster, IEEE Trans. EI-20 (1985) 891.
J. L. Magee, Can J. Chem. 55 (1977) 1847.
R. A. Holroyd, B. K. Dietrich, and H. A. Schwarz, J. Phys. Chem. 76 (1972) 3794.
B. M. Cox and W. T. Williams, J. Phys. D 10 (1977) L5–9.
L. Gansett, G. Herzberg, and P. Langerquist, B. Rosen, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 35 (1963) 113.
E. O. Forster, IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. EI-20 (1985) 905.
E. F. Kelley and R. E. Hebner, J. Appl. Phys. 52 (1981) 191.
D. B. Fenneman and R. J. Gripshover, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PS-8 (1980) 209.
K. G. Rhoads and M. Zahn, Sixth IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, 1987, p. 50.
A. G. Litwinenko and V. M. Osadchiev, Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 29 (1984) 406.
J. O’M. Bockris, Nature 158 (1946) 584.
T. Watanabe and H. Gerisher, J. Electroanal. Chem. 122 (1981).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Szklarczyk, M. (1993). Electrical Breakdown of Liquids. In: Bockris, J.O., Conway, B.E., White, R.E. (eds) Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry. Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, vol 25. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2876-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2876-0_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6247-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2876-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive