Abstract
Rapid advances in the automation of production methods have increased inspection requirements for three main reasons. First, higher production speeds require higher inspection speeds. Secondly, the implicit inspection involved in manual production and assembly is no longer present and must be accommodated elsewhere and lastly, there is an ever increasing demand by the customer for higher quality. Machines that can ‘see’ have been developed for a variety of tasks that involve inspecting and manipulating industrial artefacts. This chapter discusses some of the problems faced by the food industry and possible solutions using machine vision systems. Machine vision is defined by the Machine Vision Association of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers as,
‘The use of devices for optical non-contact sensing to automatically receive and interpret an image of a real scene in order to obtain information and/or control machines or processes.’
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ballard, D. H. and Brown. C. M. (1982) Computer Vision, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
Batchelor, B. G. (1979) Interactive image analysis as a prototyping tool for industrial inspection, Computers and Digital Techniques, 2, 61–69.
Batchelor, B. G. (1989) A Prolog lighting advisor, Proc. Internat. SPIE Conf. Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision VIII: Systems and Applications, Philadelphia, pp. 168–173.
Batchelor, B. G. (1990) Tools for designing industrial vision systems, Proc. Internat. SPIE Conf. Machine Vision Systems Integration, paper CR 36–13, Boston.
Batchelor, B. G. (1991) Intelligent Image Processing in Prolog, Springer Verlag, London.
Batchelor, B. G., Hill, D. A. and Hodgson, D. C. (1985) Automated Visual Inspection, IFS Publications, Bedford, England.
Batchelor, B. G., Harris I. P., Waltz and Snyder, M. A. (1988) Applications of the Provision language in robot vision. Proc. SPIE Conf., Cambridge, MA, USA.
Bowman, C. C. and Batchelor, B. G. (1986) Automated visual inspection. In Non-destructive Testing (ed. Sharpe, R. S.) vol. 8, pp. 361–444.
Castleman, K. R. (1978) Digital Image Processing, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, USA.
Chan, J. P. (1988) Automated X-ray Inspection of Foodstuff, MSc thesis, UWCC, Cardiff, UK.
Chan, J. P. and Batchelor, B. G. (1990), Integrating vision and AI in an image processing workstation. Proc. SPIE, Internat. Soc. Optical Eng., Machine Vision Systems Integration in Industry, Boston, MA, USA, vol. 1386.
Chan, J. P., Batchelor, B. G., Harris, I. P. and Perry, S. J. (1990). Intelligent visual inspection of food products. Proc. SPIE, Internat. Soc. Optical Eng., Machine Vision Systems Integration in Industry, Boston, vol. 1386, pp. 171–179.
Chan, J. P., Batchelor, B. G., Broderick, S. R. and Weeks, A. W. (1991) Expert system to aid learning of new products. Internat. Soc. Optical Eng., Machine Vision Systems: Integration and Applications, Boston.
Chen, Y.-R. (1989) Applying knowledge-based expert system to meat grading. Proc. Annual AI Systems in Government Conference (IEEE Cat. No.89CH2715-l) IEEE, Washington, pp. 120–123.
Davies, E. R. (1990) Machine Vision: Theory, Algorithms, Practicalities. Academic Press, London.
Dykes, G.W. (1985) Automated inspection of food jars for glass fragments. VISION ’85 Conf Proc. Machine Vision Assoc. SME, USA, pp. 6/21–6/30.
Freeman, H. (1988) Is industry ready for machine vision. In Machine Vision for Inspection and Measurement, Academic Press, San Diego, USA.
Gonzalez, R. C. and Wintz, P. (1982) Digital Image Processing. Addison Wesley, Cambridge, MA.
Holmes, Newman and Associates (1992) Automated Meat Piece Grading System, Oakhampton, Devon. Patent pending.
Lightbody, M. S. (1989) New technological approaches to reducing uniformity in processed foods. Br. Food J., 110.
MacAndrew, A. and Harris, C. (1991) Sensors detect food contamination. Sensor Rev., 11 pp. 23–25.
Marchant, J.A., Onyango, C.M. and Street, M.J. (1990) Computer vision for potato inspection without singulation. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 4 (3), 235–244.
Marshall, A. D. and Martin, R. R. (1992) Computer Vision, Models and Inspection. World Scientific, Singapore.
Perry, S. J. (1990) An Analysis of Non-visual Imaging for Machine Vision, MSc thesis, UWCC, Cardiff, UK.
Reid, G., Rixon, R. and Messer, H. (1984) Absolute and comparative measurements of three dimensional shape by phase measuring moire topography, Optics and Laser Technol., 16 315–319.
Rummel, P. (1988) Combining workpiece recognition and inspection. In Machine Vision for Inspection and Measurement. Academic Press, San Diego, USA.
Whelan, P. (1991) Dublin City University Course notes- Machine Vision, Dublin City University, Ireland.
Whelan, P. and Batchelor, B. G. (1991) Automatic packing of arbitrary shapes. Proc. SPIE, Machine Vision Systems: Integration and Applications, Boston.
White, C. E. (1970) Fluorescence Analysis. M. Dekker, UK.
Bibliography
Adaway, B. (1989) Fruitful inspection (machine vision). Image Processing, 1 (2), 18.
Aldersey-Williams, H. (1985) Machine vision finds new applications. Digital Design, 15 (6), 40–46.
Batchelor, B. G. (1974) Practical Approach to Pattern Classification. Plenum Press, London.
Batchelor, B. G. (1987) An interactive AI language for image processing and robotics. Proc. SPIE, Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision: Sixth in a Series, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Batchelor, B.G. (1989) Integrating vision and AI for industrial applications, Proc. SPIE, Internal. Soc. Optical Eng., Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision VIII: Systems and Applications. Philadelphia, vol. 1193, pp. 168–173.
Cormack, R. H. and Brown, C. (1989). Aluminum can metrology using sub-pixel image measurement. VISION ’89 Conf. Proc. Soc. Manuf. Eng, Dearborn, MI, USA, pp. 8/47–8/ 60.
Davies, E. R. (1986). Corner detection using the generalised Hough transform. Proc. Second Internal Conf. Image Processing and its Applications (Conf. Publ. No.265), IEE, London, pp. 175–179.
Dennis, T.J. and Clark, L.J. (1986). Real time detection of spot-type defects. Proc. SPIE, Internat. Soc. Optical Eng, Architectures and Algorithms for Digital Image Processing, vol. 596, pp. 178–183.
Dowell, F.E. (1990) An intelligent automated system for determining peanut quality. Proc, IROS 90. IEEE Internat. Workshop Intelligent Robots and Systems ’90. Towards a New Frontier of Applications vol. 1, pp. 237–41.
Dyche, R.K. (1991) Inex-100 per cent online visual inspection of consumer products. Sensor Rev., 11 (4), 14–16.
Edmonds, J.M. and Davis, E.R. (1991) High-speed processor for realtime visual inspection. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 15 (no. 1), 11–19.
Gagliardi, G., Hatch, G.F. and Sarkar, N. (1985) Machine vision applications in the food industry. VISION ’85 Conf Proc., Machine Vision Assoc. SME, USA, pp. 6/40–6/54.
Gerber, G.L., Holmes, Q.A. and Calhan, R. (1985) Industrial machine vision with X-ray sensor for online food processing inspection. Proc., SENSORS ’85 Conf. Comput. and Autom. Syst. Assoc. of SME, USA, pp.MS85–1009/l-17.
Goodenough, D.G. and Fung, K. (1991) Knowledge-based methods for temporal and spatial data fusion. Canadian Conf GIS, Proc. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, pp. 994–995.
Hamza, M.H. (ed.) (1989) Proc. IASTED Internat. Symp., Applied Informatics—AI’89. ACTA Press, Anaheim, CA, USA.
Hodgson, R.M. and McNeill, S.J. (1986) The design of image processing systems for real-time inspection applications. Proc., Second Internat. Conf. Image Processing and its Applications (Conf. Publ. No.265) IEE, UK, pp. 126–129.
Keller, J.M. (1986) Color image analysis of food, Proc. IEEE Computer Soc. Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Florida.
Khodabandehloo, K. (1989) Getting down to the bare bones (robotic meat cutting). Industrial Robot, 16 (3), 160–5.
Lord, J. (1989) Graphics rules OK. Conf. Proc. Seventh Australasian Conf. Computer Graphics—Ausgraph 89. Australasian Comput. Graphics Assoc, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, pp. 43–50.
MacDougal, D.B. (1990) Colour vision and appearance measurement, In Sensory Analysis of Food. (ed. Piggott, J.) Elsevier Applied Science.
Marchant, J.A. (1990) A mechatronic approach to produce grading. Proc. Institution of Mechanical Eng., Internat. Conf., Mechatronics: Designing Intelligent Machines, (IMechE 1990–8), Cambridge, UK, pp. 159–64.
Marchant, J.A. and Cowlin, S. (1990) Parallel processing for produce inspection. Proc. IEE colloquium on Parallel processing: Industrial and Scientific Applications (Digest No. 122) IEE, London, pp. 8/1–4.
McClelland, S. (1987) A sweet sense of success for PA technology (food processing applications of vision and robots). Sensor Rev., 7,179–82.
Mizier, M.-O., Nguyen, V. and Piquard, J.F. (1988) Foreign bodies in the agricultural and food industries: when X-rays ferret out the unwelcome. Mesures, 53 (11), 59–61.
Naylor, P. (1988) Machine vision techniques—process control and product quality assurance. Proc., FACTORY 2000: Integrating Information and Material Flow (Publ. No.80) IERE, London, pp. 127–32.
Neuman, M.R., Shwedyk, E. and Bushuk, W. (1989) A PC-based colour image processing system for wheat grain grading. Proc., Third Internat. Conf Image Processing and its Applications (Conf. Publ. No.307), IEE, London, pp. 242–246.
Optics in Agriculture (1990) Proc. SPIE, Internat. Soc. Optical Eng, vol. 1379.
Richardson, A.J. and Blazquez, C.H. (1989) Estimating citrus grove production using image processing techniques. J. Imaging Technol., 15 (6), 272–276.
Rion, C., Evrat, C., Roignot, D. and Tosser, A. (1989) Real-time automatic inspection of moving corn ears. Proc. I AST ED Internat. Symp. Modelling Identification and Control—MIC ’88, ACTA Press, Anaheim, CA, USA, pp. 326–331.
Sacks, T. (1988) Industry zooms in on machine vision. Electrical Rev., 221 (13), 16–17.
Sevila, F. and Baylou, P. (1991) The Principles of Robotics in Agriculture and Horticulture. In Progress in Agricultural Physics and Engineering (ed. Mathew, J.). CAB International, Wallingford.
Shinoda, T., Ohnaka, S., Kawada, M., Motonaga, H. and Koyanagi, K. (1990) Automatic inspection systems of empty bottles, and foreign substances by CCD cameras and image processing technology. NEC Tech., 43 (11) 64–70.
Tachi, S. (1991) Systemization and its applications: TELE-EXISTENCE. J. Inst. Television Eng. Japan, 45 (4) 480–487.
Tailor, A., Corr, D.G., Cosoli, P., Cross, A., Hogg, D.C., Lawrence, D.H., Mason, D.C., Petrou, M. and Vango, R.D. (1987) A system for knowledge-based segmentation of remotely-sensed images. Proc., IGARSS ’87. Remote Sensing: Understanding the Earth as a System. IEEE, New York, vol. 1, pp. 111–116.
Taylor, R.W. and Rehkugler, G.E. (1985) Development of a system for automated detection of apple bruises. VISION ’85 Conf. Proc. Machine Vision Assoc. SME, USA, pp. 6/55–6/65.
Tillet, R.D. and Batchelor, B. G. (1991) An algorithm for locating mushrooms in a growing bed. Computer and Electronics in Agriculture, 6, 191–200.
Tucker, J.W. (1989) Inside beverage can inspection. An application from start to finish. VISION ’89 Conf. Proc. Soc. Manuf. Eng, Dearborn, MI, USA, pp. 1/1–1/12.
Vasilash, G.S. (1989) A new vision for cost and quality. Production, 101 (6), 70–74.
Wagner, G.G. (1987) Combining X-ray imaging and machine vision. Proc. SPIE, Internat. Soc. Optical Eng., vol. 850, p. 45–53.
Watanabe, H. (1986) Application of general-purpose visual recognition system to food industries. Robot, 54, 32–39.
Wilkie, F. (1986) Industry opens its eyes to machine vision. Process Eng., 67 (1), 41–43.
Wu, P.S. (1988) Attribute identification to agricultural product inspection. Robots: coming of age. Proc. Internat. Symp. Exposition on Robots (ed. Jarvis, R.A.). IFS Publications, Kempston, UK, pp. 440–450.
Young, G.L. (1988) High speed, high resolution inspection systems for plastic microwaveable trays. Proc. Electronic Imaging ’88: Internat. Electronic Imaging Exposition and Conf. Advance Printing of Paper Summaries vol. 2, pp. 687–688.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chan, J.P., Batchelor, B.G. (1993). Machine vision for the food industry. In: Pinder, A.C., Godfrey, G. (eds) Food Process Monitoring Systems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2139-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2139-6_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5893-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2139-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive