Skip to main content

European Megalithic

Western European Late Neolithic, Western European pre-Beaker Chalcolithic, Western European pre-Beaker Eneolithic, Western European pre-Beaker Copper Age

  • Chapter
Encyclopedia of Prehistory
  • 360 Accesses

Abstract

The Megalithic tradition spans the transition from the Atlantic (8200-5000 b.p.) to Subboreal (5000-2300 b.p.) climatic periods. This transition, in northern Europe, may have been accompanied by a shift from a warmer and maritime (wetter) climate to a more continental climate, and in southern Europe, by an increase in aridity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Suggested Readings

  • Barker, Graeme (1985). Prehistoric Farming in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Champion, Timothy, Clive Gamble, Stephen Shennan, and Alasdair Whittle (1984). Prehistoric Europe. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, Robert (1981). “The Emergence of Formal Disposal Areas and the “Problem” of Megalithic Tombs in Prehistoric Europe.” In The Archaeology of Death. ed. R. Chapman, I. Kinnes, and K. Randsborg. New York: Cambridge University Press, 71-81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gimbutas, Marija (1991). The Civilization of The Goddess: The World of Old Europe. New York: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohen, Jean-Pierre (1990). The World of Megaliths. New York: Facts on File.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, Colin (1973a). Before Civilisation: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, Colin, ed. (1983). The Megalithic Monuments of Western Europe. London: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanks, Michael, and Christopher Y. Tilley (1982). “Ideology, Symbolic Power and Ritual Communication: A Reinterpretation of Neolithic Mortuary Practices.” In Symbolic and Structural Archaeology, ed. I. Hodder. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 129-154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, Andrew (1981). “Plow and Pastoralism: Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution.” In Pattern of the Past, ed. I. Hodder, G. Isaac, and N. Hammond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 261-305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, Andrew (1994). “The transformation of Early Agrarian Europe: The Later Neolithic and Copper Ages 4500-2500 b.c.” In The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, ed. B. Cunliffe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 167-201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, Julian (1991). Rethinking the Neolithic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittle, Alasdair (1996). Europe in the Neolithic: The Creation of New Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

References

  • Bradley, Richard (1984). The Social Foundations of Prehistoric Britain: Themes and Variations in the Archaeology of Power. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, Richard (1990). The Passage of Arms: An Archaeological Analysis of Prehistoric Hoards and Votive Deposits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, Richard (1996). “Prehistory of the British Isles.” In Oxford Companion to Archaeology, ed. M. Brian Oxford: Oxford University Press. 97-99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, Richard, and Mark Edmonds (1993). Interpreting the Axe Trade: Production and Exchange in Neolithic Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Case, H. J. (1969). “Neolithic Explanations.” Antiquity 43: 176-186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claris, Philip, James Quartermaine, and A. R. Woolley (1989). “The Neolithic Quarries and Axe Factory Sites of Great Langdale and Scafell Pike: A New Field Survey.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 55: 1-25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, David, Trevor Cowie, and Andrew Foxon (1985). Symbols of Power at the Time of Stonehenge. Edinburgh: HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooney, Gabriel, and Stephen Mandal (1995). “Getting to the Core of the Problem: Petrological Results from the Irish Stone Axe Project.” Antiquity 69: 969-980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darvill, Timothy (1989). “The Circulation of Neolithic Stone and Flint Axes: A Case Study from Wales and the Mid-West of England.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 55: 27-43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, Petra (1996). “Elm Decline.” In Oxford Companion to Archaeology, ed. B. M. Fagan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 204-205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, Jean (1963). Atlas of Western Europe. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gimbutas, Marija (1991). Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe. San Francisco: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillman, Gordon (1981). “Reconstructing Crop Husbandry Practices from Charred Remains of Crops.” In Farming Practice in British Prehistory, ed. R. Mercer. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 123-162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandal, S. (1997). “Striking the Balance: The Roles of Petrography and Geochemistry in Stone Axe Studies in Ireland.” Archaeometry 39, 2: 289-308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, R. (1981). Grimes Graves, Norfolk. Excavations 1971-72. London: HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, Jane (1994). “Jade axes from Scotland: A Comment on the Distribution and Supplementary Notes.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60: 97-104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitts, Michael (1996). “The Stone Axe in Neolithic Britain.” Proceed-Renfrew, ings of the Prehistoric Society 61: 311-371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, Colin (1973a). Before Civilisation: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, Colin (1973b). “Monuments, Mobilisation, and Social Organization in Neolithic Wessex.” In The Explanation of Culture Change, ed. C. Renfrew. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 539-558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, C. C., and J. S. Thomas (1984).“Ritual Activity and Structured Deposition in Later Neolithic Wessex.” In Neolithic Studies, ed. R. J. Bradley and J. Gardiner. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 189-218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarre, Chris (1996). “Overview, British Isles.” In Oxford Companion to Archaeology, ed. B. M. Fagan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 96-97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanks, Michael, and Christopher Y. Tilley (1982). “Ideology, Symbolic Power and Ritual Communication: A Reinterpretation of Neolithic Mortuary Practices.” In Symbolic and Structural Archaeology, ed. I. Hodder. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 129-154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan, Alison, Gabriel Cooney, and Eoin Grogan (1992). “Stone Axe Studies in Ireland.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58: 389-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, Andrew (1994).“The Transformation of Early Agrarian Europe: The Later Neolithic and Copper Ages 4500-2500 b.c. In The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, ed. B. CunlifTe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 167-201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. G., Caroline Grigson, Gordon Hillman, and M. J. Tooley (1981). “The Neolithic.” In The Environment in British Prehistory, ed. I. Simmons and M. Tooley. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 125-209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, Julian (1991). Rethinking the Neolithic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, Julian, and Alasdair W. R. Whittle (1986).“Anatomy of a Tomb: West Kennet Revisited.”Oxford Journal of Archaeology 5: 129-156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zvelebil, Marek, and Peter Rowley-Conwy (1986). “Foragers and Farmers in Atlantic Europe.” In Hunters in Transition, ed. M. Zvelebil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 67-93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailloud, G. (1976). “Les Civilisations néolithiques du Bassin Parisien et du Nord de la France.” In La Préhistoire Française, vol. 2, ed. J. Guilaine. Paris: CNRS, 375-386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, Graeme (1985). Prehistoric Farming in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkill, Mark (1983). “The Middle Neolithic of the Paris Basin” In Ancient France: Neolithic Societies and Their Landscapes 6000-2000 b.c,ed. C. Scarre. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 34-61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Champion, Timothy, Clive Gamble, Stephen Shennan, and Alasdair Whittle (1984). Prehistoric Europe. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gimbutas, Marija (1991). The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe. San Francisco: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hibbs, James (1983). The Neolithic of Brittany.“ In Ancient France: Neolithic Societies and Their Landscapes 6000-2000 B.C., ed. C. Scarre. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 271-323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodder, Ian (1979). “Economic and Social Stress and Material Culture Patterning.” American Antiquity 44: 446-454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodder, Ian (1984). “Burials, Houses, Women and Men in the European Neolithic.” In Ideology, Power, and Prehistory, ed. D. Miller, and C. Tilley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 51-68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodder, Ian (1990). The Domestication of Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell, John (1983). “The Late Neolithic of the Paris Basin.” In Ancient France: Neolithic Societies and Their Landscapes 6000-2000 b.c, ed. C. Scarre. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 62-90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinnes, Ian (1980). “The Art of the Exceptional: The Statues-Menhir of Guernsey in Context.” Archaeologia Atlantica3: 9-23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, Mark (1991). Axes, Men and Women: Symbolic Dimensions of Neolithic Exchange in Armorica (North-West France).” In Sacred and Profane: Proceedings of a Conference on Archaeology, Ritual and Religion, Oxford 1989,ed. P. Garwood, P. D. Jennings, R. Skeates, and J. Toms. Oxford Monographs in Archaeology, No. 32 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 65-79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, Mark (1993). Statements in Stone: Monuments and Society in Neolithic Brittany. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pétrequin, Pierre, Françoise Jeudy, and Christian Jeunesse (1993). “Neolithic Quarries, the Exchange of Axes and Social Control in the Southern Vosges.” In Trade and Exchange in Prehistoric Europe,ed. C. Scarre and F. Healy. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 45-67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarre, Christopher (1982). “Settlement Patterns and Landscape Change: The Late Neolithic and the Bronze Age of the Marais Poitevin Area of Western France.”Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society48: 53-73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christopher (1983a). “Introduction.” In Ancient France: Neolithic Societies and Their Landscapes 6000-2000 B.C., ed. C. Scarre. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1-5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarre, Christopher (1983b). “A Survey of the French Neolithic.” In Ancient France: Neolithic Societies and Their Landscapes 6000-2000 b.c, ed. C. Scarre. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 324-343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, Andrew (1990). “The Genesis of Megaliths: Monumentality, Ethnicity and Social Complexity in Neolithic North-West Europe.” World Archaeology22, 2: 147-167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, Andrew (1994). “The transformation of Early Agrarian Europe: The Later Neolithic and Copper Ages, 4500-2500 b.c.” In The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe,ed. B. Cunliffe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 167-201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittle, Alasdair (1985). Neolithic Europe: A Survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnaud, José Morais (1982).“O povoado calcolítico de Ferreira do Alentejo no contexto da bacia do Sado e do Sudoeste peninsular.” Arqueologia 6: 48-64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, Robert (1983).“The Megalithic Tombs of Iberia.” In The Megalithic Monuments of Western Europe, ed. C. Renfrew. London: Thames and Hudson, 29-42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, Robert (1990). Emerging Complexity: The Later Prehistory of South-East Spain, Iberia and the West Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Correia, Susana H. (1980). “Povoados calcolíticos da Estremadura Portuguesa—tentativa de abordagem económica.” Arqueologia 2: 24-29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delibes de Castro, German, J. I. Herrán Martínez, J. de Santiago Pardo, and J. del Val Recio (1995). “Evidence for Social Complexity in the Copper Age of the Northern Meseta.” In The Origins of Complex Societies in Late Prehistoric Iberia, ed. K. T. Lillios. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, 44-63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forenbaher, Staso (1997). “Production and Exchange of Bifacial Flaked Stone Artifacts during the Portuguese Chalcolithic.” Ph.D. diss.. Southern Methodist University, Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, Antonio (1987). “Unequal Development in Copper Age Iberia.” In Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies, ed. E. M. Brumfiel and T. K. Earle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 22-29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, Antonio (1991). “Trajectories towards Social Complexity in the Later Prehistory of the Mediterranean.” In Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, ed. T. Earle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 146-168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, Antonio, and John B. Thornes (1985). Land-Use and Prehistory in South-East Spain. London: George Allen and Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, Richard J. (1985). “The ‘Policultivo Ganadero’or the Secondary Products Revolution in Spanish Agriculture, 5000-1000 b.c” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 51: 75-102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, Richard J., and Antonio Gilman (1977). “Trade in the Second and Third Millennia bc between the Maghreb and Iberia.” In Ancient Europe and the Mediterranean, ed. V. Markotic. Warminster: Aris and Phillips, 89-104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernando Gonzalo, Almudena (1987). “Evolution cultural diferencial del Calcolítico entre las zonas áridas y húmedas del sureste Espñol?” Trabajos de Prehistoria 44: 171-200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernando Gonzalo, Almudena (1997). “The Funerary World and the Dynamics of Change in Southeast Spain (Fourth-Second Millennia bc).” In The Archaeology of Iberia: The Dynamics of Change, ed. M. Díaz-Andreu and S. Keay. New York: Routledge, 85-97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoskin, Michael, Elizabeth Allan, and Renate Gralewski (1994). “Studies in Iberian Archaeoastronomy: (1) Orientations of the Megalithic Sepulchres of Almeria, Granada, and Malaga.” Journal of Historical Astronomy 25: S55-S82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorge, Susana Oliveira (1986). Povoados da Pré-História Recente da Região de Chaves-Vila Pouca de Aguiar. Porto: Instituto de Arqueologia de Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Porto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorge, Susana Oliveira, and Vitor Oliveira Jorge (1997). “The Neolithic/Chalcolithic Transition in Portugal: The Dynamics of Change in the Third millennium bc.” In The Archaeology of Iberia: The Dynamics of Change, ed. M. Díaz-Andreu and S. Keay. New York: Routledge, 128-142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorge, Vitor Oliveira (1995). “Late Prehistoric Funerary Mounds in Northern Portugal as Indicators of Social Complexity.” In The Origins of Complex Societies in Late Prehistoric Iberia, ed. K. T. Lillios. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, 140-152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joussaume, Roger (1988). Dolmens for the Dead. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalb, Philine (1989). “O megalitismo e a neolitização no oeste da Peninsula Iberica.” Arqueologia 20: 33-48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunst, Michael (1995). “Central Places and Social Complexity in the Iberian Copper Age.” In The Origins of Complex Societies in Late Prehistoric Iberia, ed. K. T. Lillios. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, 32-43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leisner, Georg, and Vera Leisner (1943). Die Megalithgräber der Iberischen Halbinsel: Der Süden. Römische-Germanische Forschun- gen 1,1. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leisner, Georg, and Vera Leisner (1956). Die Megalithgräber der Iberischen Halbinsel: Der West en. Römische-Germanische Forsch-ungen 1,1. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leisner, Georg, and Vera Leisner (1959). Die Megalithgräber der Iberischen Halbinsel: Der Westen. Römische-Germanische Forsch- ungen 1, 2. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leisner, Vera (1965). Die Megalithgräber der Iberischen Halbinsel: Der Westen. Römische-Germanische Forschungen 1, 3. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lillios, Katina T. (1997). “Amphibolite Tools of the Portuguese Copper Age (3000-2000 B.C.): A Geoarchaeological Study of Prehistoric Economics and Symbolism.” Geoarchaeology, 12, 2: 137-163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parreira, Rui (1996). “Anta Grande do Zambujeiro: Programa de salvaguarda e valorização.” Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva, Armando Coelho Ferreira da, Luis Raposo, and Carlos Tavares da Silva (1993). Pré-Historia de Portugal. Lisbon: Universidade Aberta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, A. C., and Richard J. Harrison (1992). “Ancient Forests in Spain: A Model for Land-Use and Dry Forest Management in South-West Spain from 4000 bc. to 1900 ad” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58: 227-247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terán, M. de and L. Solé Sibarís (1978). Geografia General de España I. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twohig, Elizabeth Shee (1981). The Megalithic Art of Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zilhão, João (1994). “A oficina de talhe neo-calcolítico de Casas de Baixo (Caxarias, Vila Nova de Ourém).” Trabalhos de Arqueologia de EAM 2: 35-45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, Graeme (1981).Landscape and Society: Prehistoric Central Italy. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnano, A., T. Gouder, C. Malone, and S. Stoddart (1990). “Monuments in an Island Society: The Maltese Context.”World Archaeology 22, 2: 190-205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, Jean (1963).Atlas of Western Europe. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gimbutas, Marija (1991).The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe. San Francisco: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leighton, Robert (1959). “Ground Stone Tools from Serra Orlando (Morgantina) and Stone Axe Studies in Sicily and Southern Italy.”Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 55: 135-159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone, Caroline A. T. (1985). “Pots, Prestige, and Ritual in Neolithic Southern Italy”. InPrehistoric Research Papers in Italian Archaeology IV, vol. 2, ed. C. A. T. Malone and S. K. F. Stoddart. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 118-151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robb, John (1994). “Burial and Social Reproduction in the Peninsular Italian Neolithic”.Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 7: 29-75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skeates, Robin (1993). “Neolithic Exchange in Central and Southern Italy”. InTrade and Exchange in Prehistoric Europe, ed. C. Scarre and F. Healy. Oxford: Oxbow Press, 109-114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trump, David (1983).“Megalithic Architecture in Malta.” InThe Megalithic Monuments of Western Europe, ed. C. Renfrew. London: Thames and Hudson, 64-76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tykot, Robert H. (1994). “Radiocarbon Dating and Absolute Chronology in Sardinia and Corsica.” InRadiocarbon Dating and Italian Prehistory, ed. R. Skeates and R. Whitehouse. London: British School at Rome, 115-145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tykot, Robert H. (1996). “Obsidian Procurement and Distribution in the Central and Western Mediterranean.”Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 9.1: 39-82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse, Ruth (1983). “Megaliths of the Central Mediterranean.” InThe Megalithic Monuments of Western Europe, ed. C. Renfrew. London: Thames and Hudson, 42-63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittle, Alasdair (1996).Europe in the Neolithic: The Creation of New Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, J. A., and W. Groenman-van Waateringe (1988). “Megaliths, Soils and Vegetation on the Drenthe Plateau” InMan-made Soils, ed. W. Groenman-van Waateringe and M. Robinson. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 143— 181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, Graeme (1985).Prehistoric Farming in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casparie, W. A., and W. Groenman-van Waateringe (1982). “Paly- nological Analysis of Dutch Barrows.”Palaeohistoria 22: 7-65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Champion, Timothy, Clive Gamble, Stephen Shennan, 2nd Alasdair Whittle (1984).Prehistoric Europe. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, Jean (1963).Atlas of Western Europe. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gimbutas, Marija (1991).Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe. New York: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, Jorgen (1982).The Prehistory of Denmark. New York: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristiansen, Kristian (1982). “The Formation of Tribal Systems in Later European Prehistory: Northern Europe 4000-800 b.c ” InTheory and Explanation in Archaeology, ed. C. Renfrew, M. Rowlands, and B. A. Seagraves. New York: Academic Press, 241-280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanting, J. N., and J. D. van der Waals, (1976). “Beaker Culture Relations in the Lower Rhine Basin.”InGlockenbecher Symposium, ed. J. N. Lanting, and J. D. van der Waals. Bussum-Haarlem: Fibula-van Dishoeck, 1-80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Louwe Kooijmans, L. P. (1994).The Rhine/Meuse Delta. Four Studies in Its Prehistoric Occupation and Holocene Geology. Leiden: Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, Andrew (1981). “Plow and Pastoralism: Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution.” In Pattern of the Past, ed. I. Hodder, G. Isaac, and N. Hammond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 261-305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, Andrew (1990). “The Genesis of Megaliths: Monumentality, Ethnicity and Social Complexity in Neolithic North-West Europe.” World Archaeology 22, 2: 147-167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, Andrew (1994). “The Transformation of Early Agrarian Europe: the Later Neolithic and Copper Ages 4500-2500 b.c ” InThe Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, ed. B. Cunliffe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 167-201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, Andrew (1996). “Beakers” InThe Oxford Companion to Archaeology, ed. B. M. Fagan. New York: Oxford University Press, 88-90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilley, Christopher (1984). “Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Middle Neolithic of Southern Sweden.”InIdeology, Power and Prehistory, ed. D. Miller and C. Tilley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 111-146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittle, Alasdair (1985).Neolithic Europe: a Survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittle, Alasdair (1988).Problems in Neolithic Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, John C. (1971). The Advanced Atlas of Modern Geography. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonçalves, J. Pires (1975). “Roteiro de alguns megálitos da regiao de Evora” A Cidade de Evora 58: 3-23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalb, Philine (1981). “Zur relativen Chronologie portugiesischer Megalithgräber.” Madrider Mitteilungen 22: 55-77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leisner, Georg (1949). Antas dos Arredores de Evora. Evora: Edicoes Nazareth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lillios, Katina T. (1997). “Amphibolite Tools of the Portuguese Copper Age (3000-2000 B.C.): A Geoarchaeological Approach to Prehistoric Economics and Symbolism.” Geoarchaeology 12, 2: 137- 163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parreira, Rui (1996). “Anta Grande do Zambujeiro: Programa de salvaguarda e valorização.” Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, Gabriel (1875). Dolmens ou Antas dos Arredores de Evora. Evora.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pina, H. L. (1971). “Novos monumentos megalíticos do Distrito de Evora.” In Actas do II Congresso Nacional de Arqueologia, Coimbra. Coimbra.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos, Ana Palma dos (1994). Monumentos megaliticos do Alto Alentejo. Lisbon: Fenda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva, Antonio Carlos, and Rui Parreira (1992). A Guide to the Monuments of the Evora Region. Evora: Câmara Municipal de Evora.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva, Armando Coelho Ferreira da, Luis Raposo, and Carlos Tavares da Silva (1993). Pré-Historia de Portugal. Lisbon: Universidade Aberta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva, Carlos Tavares da (1983). “O megalitismo e os primeiros metalurgistas” In Historia de Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twohig, Elizabeth Shee (1981). The Megalithic Art of Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, John C. (1971). The Advanced Atlas of Modern Geography. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burl, Aubrey (1985). Megalithic Brittany. London: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, Jean (1963). Atlas of Western Europe. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giot, Pierre-Roland (1960). Brittany. London: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joussaume, Roger (1988). Dolmens for the Dead: Megalith-Building Throughout the World. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohen, Jean-Pierre (1990). The World of Megaliths. New York: Facts on File.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twohig, Elizabeth Shee (1981). The Megalithic Art of Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, John C. (1971). The Advanced Atlas of Modern Geography. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohen, Jean-Pierre (1973). “Les Tumulus de Bougon.” Bulletin de la Société Historique et Scientifique des Deux-Sevres

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohen, Jean-Pierre (1977). “Les Tumulus de Bougon.” Bulletin de la Société Historique et Scientifique des Deux-Sevres, nos. 2-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohen, Jean-Pierre (1990). The World of Megaliths. New York: Facts on File.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, R. S., and O. Williams-Thorpe (1991). “The Myth of Long-Distance Megalith Transport.”Antiquity 65, 246: 64-73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, John C. (1971). The Advanced Atlas of Modern Geography. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burl, Aubrey (1985). Megalithic Brittany. London: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, Jean (1963). Atlas of Western Europe. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giot, Pierre-Roland (1960). Brittany. London: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohen, Jean-Pierre (1990). The World of Megaliths. New York: Facts on File.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thom, Alexander, and A. S. Thom (1978). Megalithic Remains in Britain and Brittany. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, John C. (1971). The Advanced Atlas of Modern Geography. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burl, Aubrey (1985). Megalithic Brittany. London: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, Jean (1963). Atlas of Western Europe. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giot, Pierre-Roland (1960). Brittany. London: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michell, John (1982). Megalithomania: Artists, Antiquarians, and Archaeologists of the Old Stone Monuments. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohen, Jean-Pierre (1990). The World of Megaliths. New York: Facts on File.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, Colin (1973). Before Civilization: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe. London: Jonathan Cape.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thom, Alexander, and A. S. Thom (1978). Megalithic Remains in Britain and Brittany. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twohig, Elizabeth Shee (1981). The Megalithic Art of Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Almagro, Martín (1959). “La primera fecha absoluta para la Cultura de Los Millares a base del Carbono 14.” Ampurias 21: 249-251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Almagro, Martín, and Antonio Arribas (1963). El Poblado y la Necrópolis Megalíticos de Los Millares. Madrid: Bibliotheca Praehistorica Hispana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arribas, Antonio (1968). “Las bases económicas del Neolítico al Bronze.” In Estudios de Economía Antigua de la Península Ibérica, ed. M. Tarradell. Barcelona: Vicens-Vires, 33-60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arribas, Antonio, and Fernando Molina (1982). “Los Millares. Neue Ausgrabungen in der Kupferzeitlichen Siedlung (1978-81).” Madrider Mitteilungen 23: 9-32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arribas, Antonio, and Fernando Molina (1984). “The Latest Excavations of the Copper Age settlement of Los Millares, Almería, Spain.” In The Deya Conference of Prehistory, part 3, ed. W. H. Waldren, R. Chapman, J. Lewthwaite, and R. C. Kennard. Oxford: BAR International Series, 1029-1050.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arribas, Antonio, Fernando Molina, Leovigildo Saez, Francisco de la Torre, Pedro Aguayo, and Trinidad Najera (1979). “Excavaciones en Los Millares (Santa Fe, Almería); Campañas de 1978 y 1979.” Cuadernos de Prehistoria de la Universidad de Granada 4: 61-110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arribas, Antonio, Fernando Molina, Leovigildo Saez, Francisco de la Torre, Pedro Aguayo, and Trinidad Najera (1981). “Excavaciones en Los Millares (Santa Fe de Mondújar, Almería). Campaña de 1981.” Cuadernos de Prehistoria de la Universidad de Granada 6: 91-121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arribas, Antonio, Fernando Molina, Leovigildo Saez, Francisco de la Torre, Pedro Aguayo, and Trinidad Najera (1983). “Nuevas excavaciones en Los Millares (1978-1981).” In XVI Congreso Nacional de Arqueologia, Zaragoza 1983. Zaragoza, 147-166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, John C. (1971). The Advanced Atlas of Modern Geography. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blance, Beatrice (1961). “Early Bronze Age Colonists in Iberia.”Antiquity 35: 192-202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, Robert (1978). “The Evidence for Prehistoric Water Control in South-East Spain.” Journal of Arid Environments 1: 261-274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, Robert (1990). Emerging Complexity: The Later Prehistory of South-East Spain, Iberia and the West Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, Antonio (1976). “Bronze Age Dynamics in Southeast Spain.” Dialectical Anthropology 1: 307-319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, Antonio (1981). “The Development of Social Stratification in Bronze Age Europe.” Current Anthropology 22: 1-23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, Antonio, and J. B. Thornes (1985). Land-Use and Prehistory in South-East Spain. London: Allen and Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, Richard J. and Antonio Gilman (1977). “Trade in the Second and Third Millennia b.c. between the Maghreb and Iberia.” Ancient Europe and the Mediterranean, ed. V. Markotic. Warminster: Aris and Phillips, 89-104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leisner, Georg, and Vera Leisner (1943). Die Megalithgräber der Iberischen Halbinsel. Der Süden. Römische-Germanische Forschungen 1,1. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molina, Fernando (1989). “Proyecto Millares (Los inicios de la metalurgia y el desarollo de las comunidades del sudeste de la peninsula iberica durante la edad del Cobre).” Anuario Arqueológico de Andalucia: 211-213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molina, Fernando, and Antonio Arribas (1993). Proyecto: Millares (Los inicios de la metalurgia y el desarollo de las comunidades del sudeste de la peninsula iberica durante la edad del Cobre). Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Andalucia 1985-92. Junta de Andalucia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliva Rodriguez, M., and Jean-Louis Vernet (1991). “Premiers Resultats paleocologiques de l’établissement chalcolithique de Los Millares (Santa Fe de Mondujar, Almeria, Espagne) d’après l’analyse anthracologique de l’établissement.” In IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory, vol. 1, ed. W. H. Waldren, J. A. Ensenyat, and R. C. Kennard. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, Colin (1943). Before Civilization: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe. London: Jonathan Cape.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez Lopez, Juana Maria, and Lorenzo Cara Barrionuevo (1985). “Megalitos de puerta perforada en los alrededores de Los Millares.” In XVII Congreso Nacional de Arqueologia, Zaragoza, Spain. 211-220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siret, Henri, and Louis Siret (1887). Les premiers âges du metal dans le sud-est de l’ Espagne. Anvers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, John C. (1971). The Advanced Atlas of Modern Geography. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, Jean (1963). Atlas of Western Europe. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohen, Jean-Pierre (1990). The World of Megaliths. New York: Facts on File.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Kelly, Claire (1967). Illustrated Guide to Newgrange. Wexford: John English and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Kelly, Michael J. (1982). Newgrange: Archaeology, Art and Legend. London: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Kelly, Michael J., and C. A. Shell (1978). “Stone Objects and a Bronze Axe from Newgrange, Co. Meath.” In The Origins of Metallurgy in Atlantic Europe, 5th Atlantic Colloquium, Dublin, ed. M. Ryan. Dublin, 127-144.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Kelly, Michael. J., F. Lynch, and Claire O’Kelly (1982). “Three Passage-Graves at Newgrange, Co. Meath.” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 78C: 249-352.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Ríordáin, S. P., and Glyn, Daniel (1964). New Grange and the Bend of the Boyne. London: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, J. (1974). “Midwinter Sunrise at Newgrange.” Nature 249: 517-519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, J. (1975). “Megalithic Exegesis-A Comment.” Irish Archaeological Research Forum 2.2: 9-14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Childe, Vere Gordon (1931). Skara Brae, A Pictish Village in Orkney. London: Kegan Paul Trench, Trubner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Childe, Vere Gordon (1950). Ancient Dwellings at Skara Brae. Edinburgh: HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, David V. (1976). The Neolithic Village at Skara Brae, Orkney: 1972-73 Excavations: An Interim Report. Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, David V. (1977). “Excavations at Skara Brae: A summary Account.”In Settlement and Economy in the Third and Second Millennia B.C., ed. C. Burgess, and R. Miket. Oxford: BAR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, David V., and Niall Sharpies (1985). “Settlements and Subsistence in the Third Millennium BC.” In The Prehistory of Orkney, 4000 b.c-ad. 1000, ed. C. Renfrew. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 54-82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, D. A., and R. L. Jones (1985). “The Environment of Orkney.” In The Prehistory of Orkney, 4000 b.c.-a.d. 1000, ed. C. Renfrew. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 10-35.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKie, Euan W. (1975). Scotland: An Archaeological Guide. London: Faber and Faber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, Graham, and Anna Ritchie (1981). Scotland: Archaeology and Early History. London: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twohig, Elizabeth Shee (1981). The Megalithic Art of Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, R. J. C. (1979). Stonehenge. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chippindale, Christopher (1994). Stonehenge Complete. New York: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleale, Rosamund M. J., Karen E. Walker, and R. Montague (1995). Stonehenge in Its Landscape: Twentieth Century Excavations. London: English Heritage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, Jean (1963). Atlas of Western Europe. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, Gerald S. (1988). Stonehenge Decoded. New York: Hippocrene Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohen, Jean-Pierre (1990). The World of Megaliths. New York: Facts on File.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, Colin (1973a). Before Civilisation: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, Colin (1973b). “Monuments, Mobilisation, and Social Organization in Neolithic Wessex.” In The Explanation of Culture Change, ed. C. Renfrew. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 539-558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, Julian C. (1990). The Stonehenge Environs Project. London: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Souden, David (1997). Stonehenge Revealed. New York: Facts on File.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, Richard S., and Olwen Williams-Thorpe (1991). “The Myth of Long-Distance Megalith Transport.” Antiquity65, 246: 64-73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, Richard S., Olwen Williams-Thorpe, D. Graham Jenkins, and J. S. Watson (1991) “The Geological Sources and Transport of the Bluestones of Stonehenge, Wiltshire, UK.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 57, 2: 103-157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, John D. (1959). Malta. London: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, Colin (1973). Before Civilization: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe. London: Jonathan Cape.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trump, David (1983). “Megalithic Architecture in Malta.” In The Megalithic Monuments of Western Europe, ed. C. Renfrew. London: Thames and Hudson, 64-76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zammit, Themistocles (1930). Prehistoric Malta, The Tarxien Temples. Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lillios, K. (2001). European Megalithic. In: Peregrine, P.N., Ember, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Prehistory. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1187-8_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1187-8_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-7131-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1187-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics