Summary
From the evidence presented in this article, it is quite clear that fetal and newborn hearts are functionally less developed as compared to adult hearts. In immature hearts, different pharmacological responses differ from the adult hearts but these are species dependent. Regulation of the sympathetic system and β-adrenoceptor blocking agents which modulate the sympathetic activity affect the myocardium differently at various stages of development from fetus, neonates and adulthood. The role of the renin-angiotensin system is crucial in development as angiotensin II receptors are increased during fetal development and morphogenesis but these decline after birth. Ca2+-handling in neonates is not the same as in adult hearts as the intracellular Ca2+ in newborns is mainly regulated by mechanisms such as Ca2+- influx via L type Ca2+-channels and Na+-Ca2+ exchange in sarcolemma. Furthermore, Ca2+- uptake, storage and release by sarcoplasmic reticulum in neonatal hearts are less developed and thus the effects of various Ca2+-antagonists and other such agents are mediated through the Ca2+-channels and Na+-Ca2+ exchange. Responses to cardiac glycosides that modulate Na+-K+ ATPase and Na+-Ca2+ exchange activities are also determined by developmental changes in the heart. Since phosphodiesterases, which hydrolyze cAMP, undergo developmental changes, the responses of the heart to phosphodiesterase inhibitors vary markedly during the development. Although our understanding of the developmental aspects of the heart has increased significantly, the complexity of the developing heart and the mechanisms of action of different pharmacological agents in the immature heart still remain to be examined carefully.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Downing SE, Talner NS, Gardner TH. 1965. Ventricular function in the newborn lamb. Am J Physiol 208:931–937.
Friedman WE 1972. Intrinsic physiologic properties of the developing heart. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 15:87–111.
Hopkins SF, McCutcheon EP, Wekstein DR. 1973. Postnatal changes in rat ventricular function. Circ Res 32:685–691.
Alexender SPH, Peters JA. 1999. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences Receptors and Ion Channel Nomenclature Supplements, 10th ed., Elsevier Trend Journals, Cambridge.
Gauthier P, Nadeau RA, De Champlain J. 1975. The development of sympathetic innervation and functional state of the cardiovascular system in newborn dogs. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 53:763–776.
Lebowitz EA, Norick JS, Rudolph AM. 1972. Development of myocardial sympathetic innervation in the fetal lamb. Pediatr Res 6:887–893.
Langer GA, Brady AJ, Tan ST, Sarena SD. 1975. Correlation of the glycosides response, the force staircase and the action potential configuration in the neonatal rat heart. Circ Res 36:744–752.
Legato MJ. 1979. Cellular mechanisms of normal growth in the mammalian heart. I. Qualitative and quantitative features of ventricular architecture in the dog from birth to five months of age. Circ Res 44:250–262.
Legato MJ. 1979. Cellular mechanisms of normal growth in the mammalian heart. II. A quantitative comparison between the right and left ventricular myocytes in the dog from birth to five months of age. Circ Res 44:263–280.
Page E, Earley J, Power B. 1974. Normal growth of ultrastructures in rat left ventricular myocardial cells. Circ Res 35:12–16.
Smith HE, Page E. 1977. Ultrastructural changes in rabbit heart mitochondria during the perinatal period: Neonatal transition to aerobic metabolism. Dev Biol 57:109–117.
Roeske WR, Wildenthal K. 1981. Responsiveness to drugs and hormones in the murine model of cardiac ontogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 14:55–66.
Cheng JB, Goldfin A, Cornett LE, Roberts JM. 1981. Identification of p-adrenergic receptors using [3H] dihydroalprenolol in fetal sheep heart: direct evidence of qualitative similarity to the receptors in adult sheep heart. Pediatr Res 15:1083–1087.
Feng ZP, Dryden WF, Gordon T 1989. Postnatal development of adrenergic responsiveness in the rabbit heart. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 67:883–889.
Friedman WF, Pool PE, Jacobowitz D, Seagren SC, Braunwald E. 1968. Sympathetic innervation of the developing rabbit heart. Circ Res 23:25–32.
Ursell PC, Ren CL, Danillo P. 1990. Anatomic distribution of autonomic neural tissue in the developing dog heart. I. Sympathetic innervation. Anat Res 226:71–80.
Lloyd TR, Marvin WJ. 1989. Sympathetic innervation improves the contractile performance of neonatal cardiac myocytes in culture. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2:333–342.
Tucker DC, Gautier CH. 1990. Role of sympathetic innervation in cardiac development in oculo. Ann NY Acad Sci 588:120–129.
Walsh DA, Van Patten SM. 1994. Multiple pathway signal transduction by the cAMP dependent protein kinase. FASEB J 8:1227–1236.
Kaumann AJ, Molenaar P. 1997. Modulation of human cardiac function through 4 beta adrenoceptor populations. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 355:667–681.
Clapham DE. 1994. Direct G protein activation of ion channel. Annu Rev Neurosci 17:441–464.
Schneider T, Igellmund P, Hescheler J. 1997. G protein interaction with K+ and Ca2+ channels. Trends Pharmacol Sci 18:8–11.
Xiao R-P, Lakatta EG. 1993. Β1-adrenoceptors stimulation and β2-stimulation differ in their effects on contraction, cytosolic Ca2+ current in single rat ventricular cells. Circ Res 73:286–300.
Xiao R-P, Hohl C, Altshuld R, Jones L, Livingston B, Ziman B, Tantini B, Lakatta EG. 1994. β2- adrenergic receptor stimulated increase in cAMP in rat heart cells is not coupled to changes in Ca2+ dynamics, contractility or phospholamban phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 269:19151–19156.
Xiao R-P, Ji X, Lakatta EG. 1995. Functional coupling of the β2-adrenoceptors to pertussis toxinsensitive G protein in cardiac myocytes. Mol Pharmacol 47:322–329.
Han HM, Robinson FJ, Bilezikian JP, Steinberg SF. 1989. Developmental changes in guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins in the rat myocardial α1-adrenergic receptors complex. Circ Res 65:1763–1773.
Luetje CW, Tietje KM, Christian JL, Nathanson NM. 1988. Differential tissue expression and developmental regulation of guanine nucleotide binding regulatory proteins and their messenger RNAs in rat heart. J Biol Chem 263:13357–13365.
Bartel S, Karczewski P, Krause EG. 1996. G-proteins, adenylyl cyclase and related phosphoproteins in the developing rat heart. Mol Cell Biochem 163/164:31–38.
Tanaka H, Shigenobu K. 1990. Role of β-adrenoceptors-adenylate cyclase system in the development decrease in sensitivity to isoprenaline in fetal and neonatal rat heart. Br J Pharmacol 100:138–142.
Artman M, Kithas PA, Wike JS, Strada SJ. 1988. Inotropic responses change during postnatal maturation in rabbit. Am J Physiol 255:H335–H342.
Schumacher WA, Sheppard JR, Mirkin BL. 1982. Biological maturation and beta-adrenergic effectors: pre and postnatal development of the adenylate cyclase system in the rabbit heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 223:587–593.
Hatijis CG. 1986. Forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in fetal and adult rabbit myocar- dial membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 155:1326–1331.
Mahony L, Jones LR. 1986. Developmental changes in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in sheep. J Biol Chem 261:15257–15265.
L’Ecuyer TJ, Schulte D, Lin JJ-C. 1991. Thin filament changes during in vivo rat heart development. Pediatr Res 30:232–238.
McAuliffe JJ, Gao L, Solaro RJ. 1990. Changes in myofibrillar activation and troponin T isoform switching in developing rabbit heart. Circ Res 66:1204–1216.
Liu QY, Karpinski E, Pang PK. 1994. Changes in alpha-1-adrenoceptor coupling to Ca2+ channels during development in rat heart. FEBS Lett 338:234–238.
Inayatulla A, Li DY, Chemtob S, Verma DR. 1994. Ontogeny of positive inotropic responses to sympathoinimetic agents and of myocardial adrenoceptors in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 72: 361–367.
Kojima M, Ishima T, Taniguchi N, Kimura K, Sada H, Sperelakis N. 1990. Developmental changes in beta-adrenoceptors, muscarinic cholinoceptors and Ca2+ channels in rat ventricular muscles. Br J Pharmacol 99:334–339.
Navarro HA, Kudlacz EM, Slotkin TA. 1991. Control of adenylate cyclase activity in developing rat heart and liver: Effects of prenatal exposure to terbutaline or dexamethasone. Biol Neonate 60:127–136.
Reuter H. 1985. Calcium movements through cardiac cell membranes. Med Res Rev 5:427–440.
Tsien RW. 1983. Calcium channels in excitable cell membranes. Annu Rev Physiol 45:341–358.
Burnstock G. 1972. Purinergic nerves. Pharmacol Rev 24:509–581.
De Young MB, Scarpa A. 1987. Extracellular ATP induces Ca2+ transients in cardiac myocytes which are potentiated by norepinephrine. FEBS Lett 223:53–58.
Danziger RS, Raffaeli S, Moreno-Sanchez R, Sakai M, Capagrossi MC, Spurgeon HA, Hanford RG, Lakatta EG. 1988. Extracellular ATP has a potent effect to enhance cytosolic calcium and contractility in single ventricular myocytes. Cell Calcium 9:193–199.
Williams M. 1987. Purine receptors in mammalian tissues: Pharmacology and functional significance. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 27:315–345.
Zhao D, Dhalla NS. 1990. [35S] ATP gamma S binding sites in purified heart sarcolemma membrane. Am J Physiol 258:C185–C188.
Scamps F, Maejoux E, Charlemagne D, Vassort G. 1990. Calcium current in single cells isolated from neonatal and hypertrophied rat heart. Effect of beta-adrenergic stimulation. Circ Res 67: 1007–1016.
Legssyer A, Poggioli J, Renard D, Vassort G. 1988. ATP and other adenine compounds increase mechanical activity and inositol trisphosphate production in rat heart. J Physiol 401:185–199.
Driscoll DJ, Gillette PC, Ezrailson EG, Schwartz A. 1978. Inotropic response of the neonatal canine myocardium to dopamine. Pediatr Res 12:42–45.
Park MK, Sheridan PH, Morgan WW, Beck N. 1980. Comparative inotropic response of newborn and adult papillary muscle to isoproterenol and calcium. Dev Pharmacol Ther 1:70–82.
Nishioka K, Nakanashi T, George BL, Jamakarni JM. 1981. The effect of calcium on the inotropy of catecholamine and paired electrical stimulation in the newborn and adult myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 13:511–520.
Timmermans PBMWM, Wong PC, Chiu AT, Herblin WF, Benfield P, Carini DJ, Lee RJ, Wexler R, Saye J, Smith R. 1993. Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II receptor antagonist. Pharmacol Rev 45:205–251.
Chiu AT, Herblin WF, McCall DE, Ardecky RJ, Carini DJ, Dunicia JV, Pease LJ, Wong PC, Wexler RR, Johnson AL, Timmermans PBMWM. 1989. Identification of angiotensin II receptor subtypes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 165:196–203.
Murphy TJ, Alexander RW, Griendling KK, Runge MS, Bernstein KE. 1991. Isolation of a cDNA encoding the vascular type-1 angiotensin II receptor. Nature (Lond) 351:233–236.
Sasaki K, Yamano Y, Bardhan S, Iwai N, Murray JJ, Hasagawa M, Matsuba Y, Inagami T. 1991. Cloning and expression of a complementary DNA encoding a bovine adrenal angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Nature (Lond) 351:230–233.
Hayashida W, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ. 1996. Intracellular third loop domain of angiotensin type-2 receptor. Role in mediating signal transduction and cellular function. J Biol Chem 271: 21985–21992.
Zhang J, Pratt RE. 1996. The AT2 receptor selectively associates with Gi-alpha-2 and Gi-alpha 3 in the rat fetus. J Biol Chem 271:15026–15033.
Matsubara H. 1998. Pathophysiological role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Circ Res 83:1182–1191.
Yamada T, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ. 1996. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor mediates programmed cell death. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 99:156–160.
Baker KM, Booz GW, Dostal DE. 1992. Cardiac actions of angiotensin II: Role of an intracardiac renin angiotensin system. Annu Rev Physiol 54:227–241.
Sadoshima J, Izumo S. 1997. The cellular and molecular response of cardiac myocytes to mechanical stress. Annu Rev Physiol 59:551–571.
Sugden PH, Clerk A. 1998. Cellular mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Med 76:725–746.
Baker KM.Aceto JF. 1990. Angiotensin II stimulation of protein synthesis and cell growth in chick heart cells. Am J Physiol 259:H610–H618.
Sadoshima J, Izumo S. 1993. Molecular characterization of angiotensin II induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and hyperplasia of cardiac fibroblasts: Critical role of the AT1 receptor subtype. Circ Res 73:413–423.
Wacla H, Zile MR, Ivester CT, Cooper GT, McDermott PJ. 1996. Comparative effects of contraction and angiotensin II receptors on rat cardiac fibroblasts. Circulation 88:2849–2861.
Liu Y, Leri A, Li B, Wang X, Cheng W, Kajstura J, Anversa P. 1998. Angiotensin II stimulation in vitro induces hypertrophy of normal and postinfarcted ventricular myocytes. Circ Res 82: 1145–1159.
Ritchie RH, Schiebinger RJ, LaPointe MC, Marsch JD. 1998. Angiotensin II induced hypertrophy of adult rat cardiomyocytes is blocked by nitric oxide. Am J Physiol 275:H1370–H1374.
Sadoshima J, Qiu Z, Morgan JP, Izumo S. 1995. Angiotensin II and other hypertrophic stimuli mediated by G protein-coupled receptors activate tyrosine kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and 90-kD S6 kinase in cardiac myocytes. The critical role of Ca2+-dependent signaling. Circ Res 76:1–15.
Kudoh S, Komuro I, Mizumo T, Yamazaki T, Zou Y, Shiojima I, Takekoshi N, Yazaki Y. 1997. Angiotensin II stimulates cjun NH2 terminal kinase in cultured cardiac myocytes of neonatal rats. Circ Res 80:139–146.
Takano H, Kumuro I, Zou Y, Kudoh S, Yamazaki T, Yazaki Y. Activation of p70S6 protein kinase in necessary for angiotensin H-induced hypertrophy in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. FEBS Lett 379:255–259.
Kodoma H, Fuduka K, Pan J, Makino S, Sano M, Takashi T, Hori S, Ogawa S. 1998. Biphasic activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by angiotensin II in rat cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 82:244–250.
Akoi H, Izumo S, Sadoshima J. 1998. Angiotensin II activates Rho A in cardiac myocytes: A critical role of Rho A in angiotensin induced premyofibrils formation. Circ Res 82:666–676.
Force T, Pombo CM, Avruch JA, Bonnventure JV, Kyriakis JM. 1996. Stress activated protein kinases in cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 44:322–329.
Glennon PE, Kaddoura S, Sale EM, Sale GJ, Fuller SJ, Sugden PH. 1996. Depletion of mitogenactivated protein kinase using an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide approach downregulates the phenylephrine-induced hypertrophic response in rat cardiac myocytes. Circ Res 78:954–961.
Nakamura K, Fushini K, Kouch H, Mihara K, Miayazaki M, Ohe T, Namba M. 1998. Inhibitory effects of antioxidants on neonatal rats cardiac myocytes hypertrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor-α and angiotensin II. Circulation 98:794–799.
Ito H, HirataY, Adachi S,Tanaka M,Tsujino M, Koike A, Nogami A, Murumo F, Hiroe M. 1993. Endothelin-1 is an autocrine/paracrine factor in the factor in the mechanism of angiotensin II induced hypertrophy in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. J Clin Invest 92:398–403.
Sadoshima J, XuY, Slayer HS, Izumo S. 1993. Autocrine release of angiotensin II mediates stretchinduced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes in vitro. Cell 75:977–984.
Thienelt CD, Weinberg EO, Bartunek J, Lorell BH. 1997. Load-induced growth response in isolated adult rat hearts: role of the AT1 receptor. Circulation 95:2677–2683.
Kent RL, McDermot PJ. 1996. Passive load and angiotensin II evoke differential response of gene expression and protein synthesis in cardiac myocytes. Circ Res 78:829–838.
Rasmussen H. 1986. The calcium massager system (1). N Engl J Med 314:1094–1101.
Wood AJ. 1989. Calcium antagonist pharmacological differences and similarities. Circulation 80 (Suppl. IV):184–188.
Ferrante J, Triggle DJ. 1990. Drug and disease induced regulation of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Pharmacol Rev 42:29–44.
Kass RS. 1994. Ionic basis of electrical activity in the heart. In: Sperelakis N, ed. Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Heart. 3rd ed. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 77–90.
Tsien RW, Ellinor PT, Home WA. 1991. Molecular diversity of voltage-dependent Ca channels. Trends Pharmacol Sci 12:349–354.
Kameyama M, Hescheler J, Hofmann F, Trautwein W 1986. Modulation of Ca current during the phosphorylation cycle in guinea-pig heart. Pflugers Arch 407:123–128.
McDonald TF, Pelzer S, Trautwein W, Pelzer DJ. 1994. Regulation and modulation of calcium channels in cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle cells. Physiol Rev 74:365–507.
Herzig S, Patil P, Neumann J, Staschen CM, Yue DT 1993. Mechanisms of (3-adrenergic stimulation of cardiac Ca2+ channels revealed by discrete-time Markov analysis of slow gating. Biophys J 65:1599–1612.
Yue DT, Herzig S, Marban E. 1990. β-adrenergic stimulation of calcium channels occurs by poten- tiation of high-activity gating modes. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 87:753–757.
Reuter H, Kokubun S, Prodhom B. 1986. Properties and modulation of cardiac calcium channels. J Exp Biol 124:191–201.
Brown AM. 1993. Membrane-delimited cell signaling complexes: direction channel regulation by G proteins. J Membr Biol 131:93–104.
Catterall WA. 1991. Functional subunit structure of voltage-gated calcium channels. Science 253: 1499–1500.
Klockner U, Itagaki K, Bodi I, Schwartz A. 1992. Beta subunit expression is required for cAMPdependent increase of cloned cardiac and vascular calcium current. Pflugers Arch 420:413–415.
Haase H, Karczewski P, Beckert R, Krause EG. 1993. Phosphorylation of the L-type calcium channel beta subunit in involved in beta-adrenergic signal transduction in canine myocardium. FEBS Lett 335:217–222.
Sculptoreanu A, Rotman E, Takahashi M, ScheuerT, Catterall WA. 1993. Voltage-dependent potentiation of the activity of cardiac L-type calcium channel alpha 1 subunits due to phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:10135–10139.
Diebold RJ, Koch WJ, Ellinor PT, Wang JJ, Muthuchamy M, Wieczorek DF, Schwartz A. 1992. Mutually exclusive axon splicing of the cardiac calcium channel alpha 1 subunit gene generates developmentally regulated isoforms in the rat heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:1497–1501.
Sperelakis N, Haddad GE. 1995. Developmental changes in membrane electrical properties of the heart. In: Sperelakis N, ed. Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Heart. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 669–700.
Chen FM, Yamamura HI, Roeske WR. 1979. Ontogeny of mammalian myocardial beta-adrenergic receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 58:255–264.
Chen FC, Yamamura HI, Roeske WR. 1982. Adenylate cyclase and beta adrenergic receptor devel- opment in the mouse heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 222:7–13.
Kojima M, Sperelakis N, Sada H. 1990. Ontogenesis of transmembrane signaling systems of control of cardiac Ca2+ channels. J Dev Physiol 14:181–219.
Haddox MK, Roeske WR, Russell DH. 1979. Independent expression of cardiac type I and II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase during murine embryogenesis and postnatal development. Biochim Biophys Acta 585:527–534.
Slotkin TA, Lau C, Seidler FJ. 1994. Beta-adrenergic receptor overexpression in the fetal rat: distribution, receptor subtypes, and coupling to adenylate cyclase activity via G-proteins. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 129:223–234.
Yu SS, Lefkowitz RJ, Hausdorff WP 1993. Beta-adrenergic receptor sequestration: a potential mechanism of receptor resensitization. J Biol Chem 268:337–341.
Ungerer M, Böhm M, Elce JS, Erdmann E, Lohse MJ. 1993. Altered expression of β-adrenergic receptor kinase and β1-adrenergic receptors in the failing human heart. Circulation 87:454–463.
Ungerer M, Parruti G, Böhm M, Puzicha M, DeBlasi A, Erdmann E, Lohse MJ. 1994. Expression of β-arrestins and β1 -adrenergic receptor kinases in the failing human heart. Circ Res 74:206–213.
Gilbert EM, Olsen SL, Renlund DG, Bristow MR. 1993. Beta-adrenergic receptor regulation and left ventricular function in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 71:23C–29C.
Bristow MR, Feldman AM. 1992. Changes in the receptor-G protein-adenylyl cyclase system in heart failure from various types of heart muscle disease. Basic Res Cardiol 87 (Suppl 1):15–35.
Dhalla NS, Dixon IM, Suzuki S, Kaneko M, Kobayashi A, Beamish RE. 1992. Changes in adrenergic receptors during the development of heart failure. Mol Cell Biochem 114:91–95.
Pennica D, King KL, Shaw KJ, Luis E, Rullamas J, Luoh SM, Darbonne WC, Knutzon DS, Yen R, Chien KR. 1995. Expression cloning of cardiotrophin 1, a cytokine that induces cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:1142–1146.
Chien KR, Knowlton KU, Zhu H, Chien S. 1991. Regulation of cardiac gene expression during myocardial growth and hypertrophy: molecular studies of an adaptive physiologic response. FASEB J 5:3037–3046.
Koch WJ, Ellinor PT, Schwartz A. 1990. cDNA cloning of a dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel from rat aorta. J Biol Chem 265:17786–17791.
Gaudin C, Ishikawa Y, Wight DC, Madhavi V, Nadal-Ginard B, Wagne T, Vatner DE, Homey CJ. 1995. Overexpression of Gs alpha protein in hearts of transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 95:1676–1683.
Hoerter J, Mazet F, Vassort G. 1981. Perinatal growth of the rabbit cardiac cell: possible implication for the mechanism of relaxation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 13:725–740.
Nakanishi T, Jarmakani JM. 1984. Development changes in myocardial mechanical function and subcellular organelles. Am J Physiol 246:H615–H625.
Boucek RJ, Shelton ME, Artman M, Landon E. 1985. Myocellular calcium regulation by the sarcolemmal membrane in the adult and immature rabbit heart. Basic Res Cardiol 80:316–325.
Artman M, Graham TP, Boucek RJ. 1985. Effects of postnatal maturation on myocardial contractile response to calcium antagonists and changes in contraction frequency. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 7:850–855.
Seguchi M, Harding JA, Jarmakani JM. 1986. Developmental change in the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Mol Cell Cardiol 18:189–195.
Seguchi M, Jarmakani JM, George BL, Harding JA. 1986. Effects of calcium antagonists on mechanical function in the neonatal heart. Pediatr Res 20:838–842.
Klitzner T, Friedman WE 1988. Excitation-contraction coupling in developing mammalian myocardium: evidence from voltage clamp studies. Pediatr Res 23:428–432.
Chin TK, Friedman WF, Klitzner TS. 1989. Developmental changes in cardiac myocyte Ca2+ regulation. Circ Res 67:574–579.
Jarmakani JM, Nakanishi T, George BL, Bers D. 1982. Effect of extracellular calcium on myocardial mechanical function in neonatal rabbit. Dev Pharmacol Ther 5:1–13.
Boucek RJ, Citak M, Graham TP, Artman M. 1987. Effects of postnatal maturation on postrest potentiation in isolated rabbit atria. Pediatr Res 22:524–530.
Wetzel GT, Chen FH, Klitzner TS. 1991. L- andT- type calcium channels in acutely isolated neonatal and adult cardiac myocytes. Pediatr Res 30:80–89.
Fleckenstein A. 1993. Calcium Antagonism in Heart and Smooth Muscle. J Willey and Sons, New York.
Ostadal B, Skovranek J, Kolar F, Janatova T, Krause EG, Ostadalova I. 1987. Calcium antagonist and the developing heart. Biomed Biochem Acta 46:S522–S526
Klitzner TS, Chen F, Raven RR, Wetzel GT, Friedman WF. 1991. Calcium current and tension generation in immature mammalian myocardium: effects of diltiazem. J Mol Cell Cardiol 23: 807–815.
Dodd DA, Boucek RJ Jr. 1989. Altered calcium channel agonist effects in newborn rabbits. Pediatr Res 25:23A.
Sperelakis N. 1972. (Na+-K+)-ATP activity of embryonic chick heart and skeletal muscles as a function of age. Biochem Biophys Acta 266:230–237.
Hanson GL, Schilling WP, Michael LH. 1993. Sodium-potassium pump and sodium and calcium exchange in adult and neonatal canine cardiac sarcolemma. Am J Physiol 264:H320–H326.
Barry WH, Bridge JH. 1993. Intracellular calcium homeostasis in cardiac myocytes. Circulation 87:1806–1815.
Katz AM. 1992. Physiology of the Heart. New York: Raven Press.
Philipson KD, Nicoll DA. 1993. Molecular and kinetic aspects of sodium-calcium exchange. Int Rev Cytol 137C:199–227.
Artman M. 1992. Developmental changes in myocardial contractile response to inotropic agents. Cardiovasc Res 26:3–13.
George BL, Nakanshi T, Jamakarni JM. 1979. The effect of developmental changes in membrane permeability to Ca2+ on cardiac function. Pediatr Res 13:344–347.
Khatter JC, Agbanyo M, Navaratnam S, Hoeschen RJ. 1989. Mechanisms of developmental increase in the sensitivity to ouabain. Dev Pharmacol Ther 12:128–136.
Khatter JC, Navaratnam S, Hoeschen RJ. 1988. Protective effect of verapamil upon ouabain-induced arrhythmias. Pharmacology 38:380–389.
Goshima K, Wakabayashi S. 1981. Involvement of a Na+, Ca2+ exchange system in the genesis of ouabain-induced arrhythmias of cultured myocardial cells. J Moll Cell Cardiol 13:489–509.
Chen F, Molline G, Killner TS, Philipson KD, Frank JS. 1995. Distribution of Na+/Ca2+ exchange protein in developing rabbit myocytes. Am J Physiol 268:C1126–C1132.
Carafoli E. 1987. Intracellular calcium homeostasis. Annu Rev Biochem 56:395–433.
Nakanshi T, Jaymakani JM. 1981. Effect of extracellular sodium on mechanical function in the newborn rabbit. Dev Pharmacol Ther 2:188–200.
Boerth RC. 1975. Decreased sensitivity of newborn myocardium to the positive inotropic effects of ouabain. In: Morselli PL, Garattini S, Serenit F, eds. Basic and New Therapeutic Aspects of Perinatal Pharmacology. NewYork: Raven Press 191–199.
Lathrop DA, Varro A, Gaum WE, Kaplan S. 1989. Age related changes in electromechanical properties of canine ventricular muscle: effect of ouabain. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 14:681–687.
Vornanen M. 1987. Effects of caffeine on the mechanical properties of developing rat heart ventricles. Comp Biochem Physiol 78C:239–334.
Hoerter J, Vassort G. 1982. Participation of the sarcolemma in the control of relaxation of the mammalian heart during perinatal development. In: Chazov E, Smirnov V, Dhalla NS, eds. Advances in Myocardiology. NewYork: Plenum Medical, 373–380.
Vetter R, Will H. 1986. Sarcolemmal Na-Ca exchange and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake in developing chick heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 18:1267–1275.
Meno H, Jarmakani JM, Philipson KD. 1988. Sarcolemmal calcium kinetics in the neonatal heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 20:585–591.
Binah O, Leagato MJ, Danilo P, Rosen MR. 1983. Developmental changes in the cardiac effect of amrinone in the dog. Circ Res 52:747–752.
Klitzner TS, Shapir Y, Ravin R, Friedman WE 1990. The biphasic effect of amrinone on tension development in newborn mammalian myocardium. Pediatr Res 27:144–147.
Artman M, Kithas PA, Wike JS, Crump DB, Sarda SJ. 1989. Inotropic response to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors in immature and adult rabbit myocardium. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 13:146–154.
Kithas PA, Artman M, Thompson WJ, Strada SJ. 1989. Subcellular distribution of high-affinity type IV cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activities in rabbit ventricular myocardium: relation to post-natal maturation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 21:507–517.
Kithas PA, Artman M, Thompson WJ, Strada SJ. 1988. Subcellular distribution of high-affinity type IV cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity in rabbit ventricular myocardium: relation to the effects of cardiotonic drugs. Circ Res 62:782–789.
Ogawa S, Nakanshi T, Kamata K,Takao A. 1987. Effect on milirone on myocardial mechanical and cyclic AMP content in fetal rabbit. Pediatr Res 22:282–285.
Okuda H, Nakanshi T, Nakazawa M, Takao A. 1987. Effect of isoproterenol on myocardial mechanical function and cyclic AMP content in the fetal rabbit. J Mol Cell Cardiol 19:151–157.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rathi, S.S., Bhugra, P., Dhalla, N.S. (2002). Molecular and Pharmacological Aspects of the Developing Heart. In: Ostadal, B., Nagano, M., Dhalla, N.S. (eds) Cardiac Development. Progress in Experimental Cardiology, vol 4. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0967-7_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0967-7_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5328-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0967-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive