Abstract
When Europeans first made contact with mainland and island Southeast Asia populations, they found a complex amalgam of groups of extremely diverse economic orientations, levels of sociopolitical complexity, and linguistic and ethnic affiliations. Many researchers have stated that the considerable ecological diversity and geographic fragmentation of Southeast Asia contributed to the high degree of economic specialization and ubiquity of intensive interethnic exchange relations among various groups of tropical forest foragers, tribal swiddening populations, and complex chiefdoms and kingdoms focused on maritime trade and intensive rice farming (e.g., Dunn 1975; Hutterer,1974, 1976, 1983). The configurations of such interethnic trade systems in the historic period have been well documented by early texts associated with literate kingdoms of late first millennium A.D. and early second millennium A.n. Southeast Asia, Chinese trade records, and later European histories (Andaya 1975; Hall 1985:1-20, 80-89; 1992:257-259; Junker 1999:239-259; Miksic 1984; Wheatley 1983; Wolters 1971:13-14). Hunter-gatherer populations that generally inhabited the interior uplands of Southeast Asia include the Semang (Orang Ash) of Malaysia; the Punan and Penan of Borneo; the Kudu of Sumatra; the Agta, Ata, and Batak of the Philippines; the Togucil of Maluku (the Moluccas or “Spice Islands”), the Nuaulu of Scram (in eastern Indonesia), the Andaman Islanders in the Indian Ocean, and various smaller and lesser known groups in Thailand and Vietnam (see Fig. 11.1)
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Junker, L.L. (2002). Long-term Change and Short-term Shifting in the Economy of Philippine Forager-Traders . In: Fitzhugh, B., Habu, J. (eds) Beyond Foraging and Collecting. Fundamental Issues in Archaeology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0543-3_14
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