Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Predation on Bryozoans and its Reflection in the Fossil Record

  • Chapter
Predator—Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record

Part of the book series: Topics in Geobiology ((TGBI,volume 20))

Abstract

Bryozoans are present in many benthic marine habitats, where they range from minor to dominant ecological elements. At the present day and apparently throughout their history, bryozoans reached peak levels of taxonomic richness in middle to outer shelf locations (Bottjer and Jablonski, 1988; McKinney and Jackson, 1989; Clarke and Lidgard, 2000). Many shelf-depth carbonate deposits from the Middle Ordovician to the present have been dominated by their skeletal remains (James and Clark, 1997; Taylor and Allison, 1998). Predation intensity can be high in such shallow waters, and living bryozoans are the targeted or incidental prey of a wide diversity of predators, from fishes to pycnogonids.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson, M. J., and Underwood, A. J., 1997, Effects of gastropod grazers on recruitment and succession of an estuarine assemblage: a multivariate and univariate approach, Oecologia (Berl.) 109:442–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayling, A. M., 1981, The role of biological disturbance in temperate subtidal encrusting communities, Ecology 62:830–847.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baluk, W., and Radwanski, A., 1977, The colony regeneration and life habitat of free-living bryozoans, Cupuladria canadensis (Busk) and C. haidingeri (Reuss), from the Korytnica Clays (Middle Miocene; Holy Cross Mountains, Poland), Acta Geol. Pol. 27:143–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft, A. J., 1986, The Carboniferous fenestrate bryozoan Hemitrypa hibernica M’Coy, Irish J. Earth Sci. 7:111–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banta, W. C., 1969, The body wall of cheilostome Bryozoa. II. Interzooidal communication organs, J. Morph. 129:149–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnawell, E. B., 1960, The carnivorous habit among the Polyplacophora, Veliger 2:85–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, D. K. A., and Bullough, L. W., 1996, Some observations on the diet and distribution of nudibranchs at Signy Island, Antarctica, J. Moll. Stud. 62:281–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayer, M. M., Todd, C. D., Hoyle, J. E., and Wilson, J. F. B., 1997, Wave-related abrasion induces formation of extended spines in a marine bryozoan, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B264:1605–1611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J. D., Burchmore, J. J., and Pollard, D. A., 1978, Feeding ecology of three sympatric species of leatherjackets (Pisces: Monacanthidae) from a Posidonia habitat in New South Wales. Australian J. Mar. Freshw. Res, 29:631–643.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Best, B. A., and Winston, J. E., 1984, Skeletal strength of encrusting cheilostome bryozoans, Biol. Bull. 167:390–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boardman, R. S., 1998, Reflections on the morphology, anatomy, evolution and classification of the Class Stenolaemata (Bryozoa), Smiths. Contrib. Paleobiol. 86:1–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boardman, R. S., McKinney, F. K., and Taylor, P. D., 1992, Morphology, anatomy, and systematics of the Cinctiporidae, new family (Bryozoa: Stenolaemata), Smiths. Contrib. Paleobiol. 70:1–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bottjer, D. J., and Jablonski, D., 1988, Paleoenvironmental patterns in the evolution of post-Paleozoic benthic marine invertebrates, Palaios 3:540–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bromley, R. G., and Hanken, N.-M., 1981, Shallow marine bioerosion at Vardo, arctic Norway. Bull. Geol. Soc. Denmark 29:103–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromley, R. G., Hanken, N.-M., and Asgaard, U., 1990, Shallow marine bioerosion: preliminary results of an experimental study, Bull. Geol. Soc. Denmark 38:85–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchner, P., 1918, Über totale Regeneration bei chilostomen Bryozoen, Biol. Zentralbl. 38(11):457–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, L. W., and Iverson, E. W., 1981, A new genus and species of Sphaeromatidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) with experiments and observations on its reproductive biology, interspecific interactions and color polymorphisms, Postilla 184:1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlé, J. S., and Christophersen, C., 1980, Dogger Bank Itch. The allergen is (2-Hydroxyethyl) dimethysulfoxonium ion, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102:5107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carté, B., and Faulkner, D. J., 1986, Role of secondary metabolites in feeding associations between a predatory nudibranch, two grazing nudibranchs, and a bryozoan, J. Chem. Ecol. 12:795–804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheetham, A. H., 1975, Taxonomic significance of autozooid size and shape in some early multiserial cheilostomes from the Gulf Coast of the U.S.A., Docum. Lab. Géol. Fac. Sci. Lyon — H.S. 3(2):547–564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheetham, A. H., 1986, Branching, biomechanics and bryozoan evolution, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 228:151–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheetham, A. H., and Thomsen, E., 1981, Functional morphology of arborescent animals: strength and design of cheilostome bryozoan skeletons, Paleobiology 7:355–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chessa, L. A., Scardi, M., Russu, P. and Fresi, E., 1990, The trophic role of four crustaceans in a Posidonia oceanica meadow of Sardinia, Italy, in: Trophic Relationships in the Marine Environment, Proceedings of the 24th European Marine Biology Symposium (M. Barnes and R. N. Gibson, eds), Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen, pp. 347–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A. and Lidgard, S., 2000, Spatial patterns of diversity in the sea: bryozoan species richness in the North Atlantic, J. Anim. Ecol. 69:799–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, C. O., 1989, Gnathiphimedia mandibularis K. H. Barnard 1930, an Antarctic amphipod (Acanthonotozomatidae, Crustacea) feeding on Bryozoa, Ant. Sci. 1:343–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, P. L., 1963, Observations on live lunulitiform zoaria of Polyzoa, Cah. Biol. Mar. 4:407–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, P. L., 1985. Bryozoa from Ghana — a preliminary survey, Kon. Mus. Midden-Afrika (Tevuren, België), Zool. Wetensch., Annals 238:1–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, P. L., and Chimonides, P. J., 1978, Observations on living colonies of Selenaria (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). 1, Cah. Biol. Mar. 19:93–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumings, E. R., 1904, Development of some Paleozoic Bryozoa, Am. J. Sci. 17:49–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day, R. W., and Osman, R. W., 1981, Prédation by Patiria miniata (Asteroidea) on bryozoans: prey diversity may depend on the mechanism of succession, Oecologia (Berl.) 51:300–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyrynda, P. E. J., 1985a, Chemical defences and the structure of subtidal epibenthic communities, in: Proceedings of the 19 th European Marine Biology Symposium (P. E. Gibbs, ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 411–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyrynda, P. E. J., 1985b, Functional allelochemistry in temperate waters: chemical defences of bryozoans, in: Bryozoa: Ordovician to Recent (C. Nielsen and G. P. Larwood, eds.), Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg, pp. 95–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, M. S., 1975, Regulation of algal community development in a Macrocystis pyrifera forest, Mar. Biol. 32:331–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, M. A., and Watson, J. B., 1989, Predatory and non-predatory borings in echinoids from the upper Ocala Formation (Eocene), north-central Florida, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 71:309–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, D. P., 1972, Biological relationships of an intertidal bryozoan population, J. Nat. Hist. 6:503–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, D. P., 1993, Bryozoa: The ascophorine infraorders Cribriomorpha, Hippothoomorpha and Umbonulomorpha mainly from New Caledonian waters, Mém. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., (A) 158:299–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, D. P., 2000, Towards a phylogeny of cheilostomes — morphological models of frontal wall/shield evolution, in: Proceedings of the 11th International Bryozoology Association Conference (A. Herrera Cubilla and J. B. C. Jackson, eds.), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa pp. 17–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, D. P., and d’Hondt, J.-L., 1991, Bryozoa: The Miocene to Recent family Petalostegidae. Systematics, affinities, biogeography, Mém. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., (A), 151:91–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, D. P., and Voigt, E., 1996, The kenozooidal origin of the ascophorine hypostegal coelom and associated frontal shield, in: Bryozoans in Space and Time (D. P. Gordon, A. M. Smith, and J. A. Grant-Mackie, eds.), NIWA, Wellington, pp.89–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Haderlie, E. C., 1969, Marine fouling and boring organisms in Monterey harbor II: second year of investigation, Veliger 12: 182–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Håkansson, E., and Thomsen, E., 2001, Asexual propagation in cheilostome Bryozoa, in: Evolutionary Patterns (J. B. C. Jackson, S. Lidgard, and F. K. McKinney, eds.), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 326–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmer, S. F., 1901, Bryozoa in Britain, Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc., 7:115–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvell, C. D., 1984, Predator-induced defense in a marine bryozoan, Science 224:1357–1359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvell, C. D., 1986, The ecology and evolution of inducible defenses in a marine bryozoan: cues, costs, and consequences, Am. Nat. 128:810–823.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, P. J., and Ryland, J. S., 1985, Cyclostome bryozoans, Syn. Br. Fauna (n.s.) 34:1–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, P. J., and Ryland, J. S., 1995, The British species of Schizoporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida), J. Zool., Lond. 237:37–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, T. P., 1980, Recruitment limitation, mortality, and population regulation in open systems: a case study, Ecology 71:12–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyman, L. H., 1959, The Invertebrates: Volume 5, Smaller Coelomate Groups, McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jablonski, D., Lidgard, S., and Taylor, P. D., 1997, Comparative ecology of bryozoan radiations: origin of novelties in cyclostomes and cheilostomes, Palaios 12:505–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. B. C., 1983, Biological determinants of present and past sessile animal distributions, in: Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities (M. J. S. Tevesz, and P. L. McCall, eds.), Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp. 39–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. B. C., and McKinney, F. K, 1990, Ecological processes and progressive macroevolution of marine clonal benthos, in: Causes of Evolution (R. M. Ross, and W. D. Allmon, eds.), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 173–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. B. C., and Winston, J. E., 1982, Ecology of cryptic coral reef communities. I. Distribution and abundance of major groups of encrusting organisms, J. Exper. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 57:135–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, N. P., and Clarke, J. A. D., eds., 1997, Cool-Water Carbonates, SEPM Spec. Pub. 56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joubert, C. S. W., and Hanekom, P. B., 1980, A study of feeding in some inshore reef fish of the Natal Coast, South Africa, South African J. Zool. 15:262–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kay, A. M., and Keough, M. J., 1981, Occupation of patches in the epifaunal communities on pier pilings and the bivalve Pinna bicolor at Edithburgh, South Australia, Oecologia 48:123–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keough, M. J., and Downs, B. J., 1982, Recruitment of marine invertebrates: the role of active larval choices and early mortality, Oecologia (Berl.) 54:348–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lagaaij, R., 1963, Cupuladria canadensis (Busk) — portrait of a bryozoan, Palaeontology 6:172–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larwood, G. P., 1969, Frontal calcification and its function in some Cretaceous and Recent cribrimorph and other cheilostome Bryozoa, Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. 18(5):173–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinsen, G. M. R., 1907, Sur la régenération totale des Bryozoaires, Overs. Kgl. Danske vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1907(4):151–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauzey, K. P., Birkeland, C., and Dayton, P.K., 1968, Feeding behavior of asteroids and escape responses of their prey in the Puget Sound region, Ecology 49:603–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKinney, F. K., 1987, Paleobiological interpretation of some skeletal characters of Lower Devonian fenestrate Bryozoa, Prague Basin, Czechoslovakia, in: Bryozoa: Present and Past (J. R. P. Ross, ed.), Western Washington University, Bellingham, pp. 161–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinney, F. K., 1989, Two patterns of colonial water flow in an erect bilaminate bryozoan, the cheilostome Schizotheca serratimargo (Hincks, 1886), Cah. Biol. Mar. 30:35–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinney, F. K., 1998, Avicularia-like structures in a Paleozoic fenestrate bryozoan, J. Paleontol. 72:819–826.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinney, F. K., and Jackson, J. B. C., 1989, Bryozoan Evolution, Unwin & Hyman, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinney, F. K., and Kriz, J., 1986, Lower Devonian Fenestrata (Bryozoa) of the Prague Basin, Barrandian Area, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia, Fieldiana (GeoL), n. ser. 15:1–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morales-Ríos, M. S., Suárez-Castillo, O. R., Trujillo-Serrato, J. J., and Joseph-Nathan, P., 2001, Total syntheses of five indole alkaloids from the marine bryozoan Flustra foliacea, J. Org. Chem. 66:1186–1192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, C., and Pedersen, K. G., 1979, Cystid structure and protrusion of the polypide in Crista (Bryozoa, Cyclostomata), Acta Zool. (Stockh.) 60:65–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osburn, R. C., 1921, Bryozoa as food for other animals, Science 53:451–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osman, R. W., Whitlatch, R. B., Malatesta, R. J., and Zajac, R. N., 1990, Ontogenetic changes in trophic relationships and their effects on recruitment, in: Trophic Relationships in the Marine Environment, Proceedings of the 24th European Marine Biology Symposium (M. Barnes and R. N. Gibson, eds). Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen, pp. 117–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrovsky, A. N., 1998, Comparative studies of ovicell anatomy and reproductive patterns in Cribrilina annulata and Celleporella hyalina (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida), Acta Zool. 79:287–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitt, L. J., and Taylor, P. D., 1990, Cretaceous Bryozoa from the Faringdon Sponge Gravel (Aptian) of Oxfordshire, Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Geol.) 46:61–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poluzzi, A., 1980, I Briozoi membraniporiformi del delta settentrionale del Po, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 121:101–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall, J. E., 1967, Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies, Stud. Trop. Oceanogr. (Miami) 5:665–847.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russ, G. R., 1980, Effects of predation by fishes: competition and structural complexity of the substrate on the establishment of a marine epifaunal community, J. Exper. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 42:55–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russ, G. R., 1982, Overgrowth in a marine epifaunal community: competitive hierarchies and competitive networks, Oecologia 53:12–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryland, J. S., 1970, Bryozoans, Hutchinson University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryland, J. S., 1976, Physiology and ecology of marine bryozoans, Adv. Mar. Biol., 14:285–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaumberg, G., 1979, Neue Nachweise von Bryozoen und Brachiopoden Nahrung des permischen Holocephalen, Janass bituminosa (Schlotheim), Philippia 4: 3–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silén, L., 1977, Polymorphism, in: Biology of Bryozoans (R. M. Woolacott and R. L. Zimmer, eds), Academic Press, New York, pp. 183–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silén, L., and Harmelin, J.-G., 1974, Observations on living Diastoporidae (Bryozoa Cyclostomata), with special regard to polymorphism, Acta Zool. (Stockh.) 55:81–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, E., 1987, Bryozoan succession in the Warsaw Formation (Valmeyeran, Mississippian) of the Mississippi Valley, USA, in: Bryozoa: Present and Past (J. R. P. Ross, ed.), Western Washington University, Bellingham, pp. 245–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbing, A. R. D., 1973, Observations on colony overgrowth and spatial competition, in: Living and Fossil Bryozoa (G. P. Larwood, ed.), Academic Press, London, pp. 173–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stekhoven, J. H., Jr., 1933, Die Nahrung von Oncholaimus dujardiniide Man. Zool. Anzeiger 101:167–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tavener-Smith, R., 1975, The phylogenetic affinities of fenestelloid bryozoans, Palaeontology 18:1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. D., 1982, Probable predatory borings in Late Cretaceous bryozoans, Lethaia 15:67–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. D., 1985, Polymorphism in melicerititid cyclostomes, in: Bryozoa: Ordovician to Recent (C. Nielsen and G. P. Larwood, eds.), Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg, pp. 311–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. D., 1988a, Colony growth pattern and astogenetic gradients in the Cretaceous cheilostome bryozoan Herpetopora, Palaeontology 31:519–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. D., 1988b, Major radiation of cheilostome bryozoans: triggered by the evolution of a new larval type?, Hist. Biol. 1:45–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. D., 1994a, Systematics of the melicertitid cyclostome bryozoans; introduction and the genera Elea, Semielea and Reptomultelea, Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Geol.) 50:1–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. D. 1994b, An early cheilostome bryozoan from the Upper Jurassic of Yemen, N. Jahrb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 191:331–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. D., 1999, Bryozoan, in: Functional Morphology of the Invertebrate Skeleton (Savazzi, E., ed.), Wiley, Chichester, pp. 623–646.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. D., and Allison, P. A., 1998, Bryozoan carbonates through space and time, Geology 26:459–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. D., and Monks, N., 1997, A new cheilostome bryozoan genus pseudoplanktonic on molluscs and algae, Invert. Biol. 116:39–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. D., and Wilson, M. A., 1999, Middle Jurassic bryozoans from the Carmel Formation of southwestern Utah, J. Paleontol. 73:816–830.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. N., 1982, Interaction and Coevolution, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd, C. D. and Havenhand, J. N., 1989, Nudibranch-bryozoan associations, the quantification of ingestion and some observations on partial predation among Doridoidea, J. Mollusc. Stud. 55:245–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, J. A., 2000, The central role of ctenostomes in bryozoan phylogeny, in: Proceedings of the 11th International Bryozoology Association Conference (A. Herrera Cubilla, and J. B. C. Jackson, eds.), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama, pp. 104–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. F., 1975, A new Cretaceous cribrimorph from North America with calcareous opercula, Doc. Lab. Géol. Fac. Sci. Lyon, H. S. 3:273–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, S. J., and Todd, C. D., 1991, The effects of Gibbula cineraria (L.), Nucella lapillus (L.) and Asterias rubens L. on developing epifaunal assemblages, J. Exper. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 154:191–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, A. J., and Fairweather, P. G., 1992, Marine invertebrates, in: Natural Enemies: the Population Biology of Predators, Parasites, and Diseases (J. M. Crawley, ed.), Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp 205–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vance, R. R., 1979, Effects of grazing by the sea urchin, Centrostephanus coronatus, on prey communitycomposition, Ecology 60:537–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeij, G. J., 1987, Evolution and Escalation: An Ecological History of Life, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vietti, R. C., and Balduzzi, A., 1991, Relationship between radular morphology and food in the Doridina (Mollusca: Nudibranchia), Malacologia 32:211–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voigt, E., 1989, Beitrag zur Bryozoen-Fauna des sächsischen Cenomaniums. Revision von A. E. Reuss’ “Die Bryozoen des unteren Quaders” in H. B. Geinitz’ “Das Elbthalgebirge in Sachsen” (1872,), Abh. Staatl. Mus. Min. Geol. Dresden 36:8–87, 170–183, 189–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voigt, E., 1993, Neue cribrimorphe Bryozoen (Fam. Pelmatoporidae) aus einem Maastrichtium Schrebkreide-Geschiebe von Zweedorf (Holstein), Mitt. Geol.-Paläont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg 75:137–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voigt, E., and Flor, F. D., 1970, Homöomorphien bei fossilen cyclostomen Bryozoen, dargestellt am Beispiel der Gattung Spiropora Lamouroux 1821, Mitt. Geol.-Paläont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg 39:7–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voigt, E., and Williams, A., 1973, Revision des genus Inversaria v. Hagenow 1851 (Bryoz. Cheil.) und seine Beziehungen zu Solenonychocella n. g., Nachr. Akad. Wiss. Göttingen, II Math.-Physik. Kl. 8:140–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, L. J., 1992, Post-settlement success of the arborescent bryozoan Bugula neritina (L.): the importance of structural complexity, J. Exper. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 164:55–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, L. J., and Wethey, D. S., 1991, Settlement, refuges, and adult body form in colonial marine invertebrates: a field experiment, Biol. Bull. 180:112–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, L. J., and Wethey, D. S., 1996, Settlement and early post-settlement survival of sessile marine invertebrates on topographically complex surfaces: the importance of refuge dimensions and adult morphology, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 137:161–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, J. D., Seed, R. and Hughes, R. N., 1996, Factors controlling spinosity in the epialgal bryozoans Flustrellidra hispida (Fabricius), in: Bryozoans in Space and Time: Proceedings of the 10th International Bryozoology Conference (D. P. Gordon, A. M. Smith, and J. A. Grant-Mackie, eds), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, pp.367–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winston, J. E., 1984, Why bryozoans have avicularia — a review of the evidence, Am. Mus. Novitates 2789:1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winston, J. E., 1986, Victims of avicularia, Mar. Ecol. (Berl.) 7:193–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winston, J. E., and Jackson, J. B. C., 1984, Ecology of cryptic coral reef communities. IV. Community development and life histories of encrusting cheilostome Bryozoa, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 76:1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witman, J. D., and Grange, K. R., 1998, Links between rain, salinity, and predation in a rocky subtidal community, Ecology 79:2429–2447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wyer, D. W., and King, P. E., 1973, Relationships between some British littoral and sublittoral bryozoans and pycnogonids, in: Living and Fossil Bryozoa (G. P. Larwood, ed.), Academic Press, London, pp. 199–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshioka, P. M., 1982, Predator-induced polymorphism in the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea (L.), J. Exper. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 61:233–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, 28608-2067, USA

    Frank K. Mckinney (Honorary Research Fellow)

  2. Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5 BD, UK

    Frank K. Mckinney (Honorary Research Fellow) & Paul D. Taylor

  3. Department of Geology, The Field Museum, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois, 60605, USA

    Scott Lidgard

Authors
  1. Frank K. Mckinney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paul D. Taylor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Scott Lidgard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA

    Patricia H. Kelley

  2. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA

    Michał Kowalewski

  3. Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA

    Thor A. Hansen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mckinney, F.K., Taylor, P.D., Lidgard, S. (2003). Predation on Bryozoans and its Reflection in the Fossil Record. In: Kelley, P.H., Kowalewski, M., Hansen, T.A. (eds) Predator—Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record. Topics in Geobiology, vol 20. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0161-9_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0161-9_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4947-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0161-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation