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Use of Seafood Processing By-products in the Animal Feed Industry

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Seafood Processing By-Products

Abstract

It is estimated that around 60 % of people in many developing countries depend on fish for over 30 % of their animal protein supplies, while almost 80 % in most developed countries obtain less than 20 % of their animal protein from fish. On the other hand, the fishing industry is a major economic source for a number of countries worldwide. However, the fish and shellfish processing industries produce more than 60 % by-products as waste, which includes head, skin, trimmings, fins, scale, viscera, and bones, and only 40 % fish products are utilized for human consumption. Discarding these by-products creates problems such as the underutilization of a huge amount of nutrients and the disposal of such huge quantities of highly polluting organic matter contributing to major environmental and economic problems in both developed and developing countries. In contrast, the fish processing industry is faced with the need to develop efficient by-product recovery and utilization methods. Instead of disposing of these fish products as waste, they can provide high-protein feed ingredients and palatability-enhancing agents for animal feed processing. Processing by-product waste of fish skin is a rich source of collagen and gelatin. Those fish skin processing by-products have the potential for conversion into fish protein hydrolysates. When preparing value-added commercial fish muscle cuts, a considerable amount of trimmings could be collected. Its high nutritive value promotes utilization in animal feed processing. Fish bone is largely composed of calcium phosphate mineralized cartilage models. Fish backbone waste is another source of protein and minerals. Fish scale is considered worthless, impracticable, and dismissed as a waste. However, it is known that fish scale contains numerous valuable organic and inorganic components, mainly collagen and hydroxyapatite. Treated seafood waste has found many applications, among which the most important are animal feed, biodiesel/biogas, dietetic products (chitosan), natural pigments, food packaging applications (chitosan), cosmetics (collagen), enzyme isolation, Cr immobilization, soil fertilizer, and moisture maintenance in feeds. Feed is important in animal husbandry or farming because it represents 40–50 % of the total variable production costs. In order to enhance production, improving food security is important and much attention has been focused on the search for cheap and nutritious feedstuffs. Many applications of seafood by-products have been used in aquaculture, poultry, swine, and other animal feed formulation processes. For example, marine fish waste can be used as alternative feedstuffs in swine diets to meet partially the protein requirements and serve as a substitute for common sources of protein. Fish meal is a highly nutritious powder, produced by drying and grinding whole fish or processing waste obtained from bycatch and other abundant species. Standard fish meal is blended with other ingredients and used as animal feed, but meal produced from fish of high freshness quality commands a premium price and is sought after as an aquaculture and agricultural weaning feed. Crustacean shells were identified as a very good feed ingredient in the animal feed industry. Most of the shells are by-products in the processing of crustaceans. Shrimp waste meal has been identified as an animal protein source that has great potential. Shrimp waste meal is basically the dried waste of the shrimp industry, consisting of heads, appendages, and exoskeletons, and is particularly rich in lysine. These shrimp waste meal can be used as a substitute for fish meal in broiler feed formulation processes. By-products from the crab industry are presently underutilized and may constitute more than 50 % of the crab weight. These types of feed ingredients provide different kinds of minerals; chitin and collagen proteins are essential for the structural integrity of crab shells.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, (305-764) Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea

    Buddika O. Malaweera

  2. Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, Badulla, Sri Lanka

    W. M. Niluni Methsala Wijesundara

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  1. Buddika O. Malaweera
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  2. W. M. Niluni Methsala Wijesundara
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Correspondence to Buddika O. Malaweera .

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  1. Specialized Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Department of Marine-bio Convergence Science, Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Nam-GU, Korea, Republic of (South Korea)

    Se-Kwon Kim

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Malaweera, B.O., Wijesundara, W.M.N.M. (2014). Use of Seafood Processing By-products in the Animal Feed Industry. In: Kim, SK. (eds) Seafood Processing By-Products. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9590-1_15

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