Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Personalized Cancer Therapy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Applications of Biotechnology in Oncology

Abstract

Individual variation in response to a therapy for the same type of cancer is well known; some patients show no response, whereas others show a dramatic response. It is obvious that the concept “one medicine for all patients with the same disease” does not hold and a more individualized approach is needed. Although individualization of certain treatments has been carried out in the pregenomic era, the concept of personalized medicine as described in this chapter follows progress in the study of human diseases at the molecular level, advances in molecular diagnostics, and drug development based on various omics such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics and biomarkers. The aim of the personalized medicine is to match the right drug to the right patient. The broad scope of personalized medicine includes predisposition testing, determination of prognosis, combination of diagnostics with therapeutics, and monitoring of therapy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 229.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acharya CR, Hsu DS, Anders CK, et al. Gene Expression Signatures, Clinicopathological Features, and Individualized Therapy in Breast Cancer. JAMA 2008;299:1574-87.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Advani RH, Buggy JJ, Sharman JP, et al. Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib (PCI-32765) has significant activity in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:88-94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agadjanian H, Ma J, Rentsendorj A, et al. Tumor detection and elimination by a targeted gallium corrole. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:6105-10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alvero AB, Chen R, Fu HH, et al. Molecular phenotyping of human ovarian cancer stem cells unravels the mechanisms for repair and chemoresistance. Cell Cycle 2009;8:158-66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson AR, Weaver AM, Cummings PT, Quaranta V. Tumor morphology and phenotypic evolution driven by selective pressure from the microenvironment. Cell 2006;127:905-15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrechek ER, Cardiff RD, Chang JT, et al. Genetic heterogeneity of Myc-induced mammary tumors reflecting diverse phenotypes including metastatic potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:16387-92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beier D, Röhrl S, Pillai DR, et al. Temozolomide Preferentially Depletes Cancer Stem Cells in Glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2008;68:5706-15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bejar R, Stevenson K, Abdel-Wahab O, et al. Clinical Effect of Point Mutations in Myelodysplastic Syndromes. N Engl J Med 2011;364:2496-2506.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Haim S, Ell P. 18F-FDG PET and PET/CT in the evaluation of cancer treatment response. J Nucl Med 2009;50:88-99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benavides LC, Gates JD, Carmichael MG, et al. The impact of HER2/neu expression level on response to the E75 vaccine: from U.S. Military Cancer Institute Clinical Trials Group Study I-01 and I-02. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:2895-904.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berd D. M-Vax: an autologous, hapten-modified vaccine for human cancer. Expert Rev Vaccines 2004;3:521-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagwat NR, Roginskaya VY, Acquafondata MB, et al. Immunodetection of DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1-XPF in human tissue. Cancer Res 2009;69:6831-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bordeaux JM, Cheng H, Welsh AW, et al. Quantitative in situ measurement of estrogen receptor mRNA predicts response to tamoxifen. PLoS ONE 2012;7:e36559.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosco EE, Wang Y, Xu H, et al. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor modifies the therapeutic response of breast cancer. J Clin Invest 2007;117:218-28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer J, Allen WL, McLean EG, et al. Pharmacogenomic identification of novel determinants of response to chemotherapy in colon cancer. Cancer Res 2006;66: 2765-77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bredel M, Scholtens DM, Harsh GR, et al. A Network Model of a Cooperative Genetic Landscape in Brain Tumors. JAMA 2009;302:261-75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brentjens RJ, Santos E, Nikhamin Y, et al. Genetically targeted T cells eradicate systemic acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:5426-35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brower SL, Fensterer JE, Bush JE. The ChemoFx assay: an ex vivo chemosensitivity and resistance assay for predicting patient response to cancer chemotherapy. Methods Mol Biol 2008;414:57-78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess DJ, Doles J, Zender L, et al. Topoisomerase levels determine chemotherapy response in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2008;105:9053-58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burington B, Yue P, Shi X, et al. CD40 Pathway Activation Status Predicts Response to CD40 Therapy in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma. Sci Transl Med 2011;3:74ra22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buyse M, Loi S, van’t Veer L, et al. Validation and clinical utility of a 70-gene prognostic signature for women with node-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006;98:1183-92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrd JC, Furman RR, Coutre SE, et al. Targeting BTK with ibrutinib in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2013;369:32-42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cairncross G, Berkey B, Shaw E, et al. Phase III trial of chemotherapy plus radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone for pure and mixed anaplastic oligodendroglioma: Intergroup Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Trial 9402. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2707-14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carey LA, Perou CM, Livasy CA, et al. Race, Breast Cancer Subtypes, and Survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. JAMA 2006;295:2492-2502.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter SL, Eklund AC, Kohane IS, et al. A signature of chromosomal instability inferred from gene expression profiles predicts clinical outcome in multiple human cancers. Nat Genet 2006;38:1043-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman PB, Hauschild A, Robert C, et al. Improved Survival with Vemurafenib in Melanoma with BRAF V600E Mutation. N Engl J Med 2011;364:2507-16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaurand P, Sanders ME, Jensen RA, Caprioli RM. Proteomics in diagnostic pathology: profiling and imaging proteins directly in tissue sections. Am J Pathol 2004;165:1057-68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen HY, Yu SL, Chen CH, et al. A Five-Gene Signature and Clinical Outcome in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. NEJM 2007;356:11-20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi YL, Soda M, Yamashita Y, et al. EML4-ALK mutations in lung cancer that confer resistance to ALK inhibitors. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1734-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciceri F, Bonini C, Marktel S, et al. Antitumor effects of HSV-TK-engineered donor lymphocytes after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. Blood 2007;109:4698-707.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cilloni D, Renneville A, Hermitte F, et al. Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Minimal Residual Disease by Standardized WT1 Assay to Enhance Risk Stratification in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A European LeukemiaNet Study. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:5195-201.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark VE, Erson-Omay EZ, Serin A, et al. Genomic Analysis of Non-NF2 Meningiomas Reveals Mutations in TRAF7, KLF4, AKT1, and SMO. Science 2013;339:1077-80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colman H, Zhang L, Sulman EP, et al, A multigene predictor of outcome in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2010;12:49-57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowin PA, George J, Fereday S, et al. LRP1B Deletion in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancers Is Associated with Acquired Chemotherapy Resistance to Liposomal Doxorubicin. Cancer Res 2012;72:4060-73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig DW, O’Shaughnessy JA, Kiefer JA, et al. Genome and transcriptome sequencing in prospective triple negative breast cancer uncovers therapeutic vulnerabilities. Mol Cancer Ther 2012;12:104-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham L, Aplenc R. Pharmacogenetics of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment response. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007;8:2519-31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies C, Pan H, Godwin J, et al. Long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years after diagnosis of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: ATLAS, a randomised trial. The Lancet 2013;381:805-16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de la Iglesia N, Konopka G, Puram SV, et al. Identification of a PTEN-regulated STAT3 brain tumor suppressor pathway. Genes and Development 2008;22:449-62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deeken JF, Cormier T, Price DK, et al. A pharmacogenetic study of docetaxel and thalidomide in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer using the DMET genotyping platform. Pharmacogenomics J 2010;10:191-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz LA Jr, Williams RT, Wu J, et al. The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers. Nature 2012;486:537-40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diehn M, Nardini C, Wang DS, et al. Identification of noninvasive imaging surrogates for brain tumor gene-expression modules. PNAS 2008;105: 5213-18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding Z, Wei Y. Therapeutic vaccine for melanoma: the untouched grail? Expert Rev Vaccines 2007;6:907-11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donovan MJ, Hamann S, Clayton M, et al. Systems pathology approach for the prediction of prostate cancer progression after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3923-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drier Y, Sheffer M, Domany E. Pathway-based personalized analysis of cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013;110:6388-93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley ME, Wunderlich JR, Yang JC, et al. Adoptive cell transfer therapy following non-myeloablative but lymphodepleting chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with refractory metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:2346-57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edlund K, Larsson O, Ameur A, et al. Data-driven unbiased curation of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene mutation database and validation by ultradeep sequencing of human tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012;109:9551-6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis MJ, Tao Y, Luo J, et al. Outcome prediction for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer based on postneoadjuvant endocrine therapy tumor characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:1380-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eschrich SA, Pramana J, Zhang H, et al. A gene expression model of intrinsic tumor radiosensitivity: prediction of response and prognosis after chemoradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;75:489-96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eschrich SA, Fulp WJ, Pawitan Y, et al. Validation of a radiosensitivity molecular signature in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:5134-43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faratian D, Goltsov A, Lebedeva G, et al. Systems Biology Reveals New Strategies for Personalizing Cancer Medicine and Confirms the Role of PTEN in Resistance to Trastuzumab. Cancer Res 2009;69(16):OF1-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenton TR, Nathanson D, Ponte de Albuquerque C, et al. Resistance to EGF receptor inhibitors in glioblastoma mediated by phosphorylation of the PTEN tumor suppressor at tyrosine 240. PNAS 2012;109:14164-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flaherty KT, Puzanov I, Kim KB, et al. Inhibition of Mutated, Activated BRAF in Metastatic Melanoma. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:809-19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flaherty KT, Robert C, Hersey P, et al. Improved Survival with MEK Inhibition in BRAF-Mutated Melanoma. N Engl J Med 2012;367:107-14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fogli S, Caraglia M. Genotype-based therapeutic approach for colorectal cancer: state of the art and future perspectives. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10:1095-1108.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman AN, Slattery ML, Ballard-Barbash R, et al. A colorectal cancer risk prediction tool for white men and women without known susceptibility. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:686-93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fry RJ, Svensson JP, Valiathan C, et al. Genomic predictors of interindividual differences in response to DNA damaging agents. Genes Dev 2008;22:2621-6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garman KS, Acharya CR, Edelman E, et al. A genomic approach to colon cancer risk stratification yields biologic insights into therapeutic opportunities. PNAS 2008;105:19431-36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gajewski TF, Louahed J, Brichard VG. Gene signature in melanoma associated with clinical activity: a potential clue to unlock cancer immunotherapy. Cancer J 2010;16:399-403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gates JD, Carmichael MG, Benavides LC, et al. Longterm followup assessment of a HER2/neu peptide (E75) vaccine for prevention of recurrence in high-risk prostate cancer patients. J Am Coll Surg 2009;208:193-201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerlinger M, Rowan AJ, Horswell S, et al. Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N Engl J Med 2012;366:883-92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giotopoulos G, Symonds RP, Foweraker K, et al. The late radiotherapy normal tissue injury phenotypes of telangiectasia, fibrosis and atrophy in breast cancer patients have distinct genotype-dependent causes. Br J Cancer 2007;96:1001-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goetz MP, Rae JM, Suman VJ, et al. Pharmacogenetics of tamoxifen biotransformation is associated with clinical outcomes of efficacy and hot flashes. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:9312-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez-Raposo C, Mendiola M, Hardisson H, Redondo A. From targeted therapy in ovarian cancer to personalizing therapy for ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 2011;20:591-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grauden E, Boulanger V, Mollard C, et al. Deciphering cellular states of innate tumor drug responses. Genome Biology 2006;7:R19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta RA, Shah N, Wang KC, et al. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR reprograms chromatin state to promote cancer metastasis. Nature 2010;464:1071-6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna E, Shrieve DC, Ratanatharathorn V, et al. A novel alternative approach for prediction of radiation response of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. Cancer Res 2001;61:2376-80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna MG, Hoover HC, Pinedo HM, Finer M. Active specific immunotherapy with autologous tumor cell vaccines for stage II colon cancer. Hum Vaccin 2006;2:185-91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatzis C, Pusztai L, Valero V, et al. A genomic predictor of response and survival following taxane-anthracycline chemotherapy for invasive breast cancer. JAMA 2011;305:1873-81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins RE, Gilham DE, Debets R, et al. Development of adoptive cell therapy for cancer: a clinical perspective. Hum Gene Ther 2010;21:665-72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T, et al. MGMT Gene Silencing and Benefit from Temozolomide in Glioblastoma. NEJM 2005;352:997-1003.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heiser LM, Sadanandam A, Kuo WL, et al. Subtype and pathway specific responses to anticancer compounds in breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012;109:2724-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helleday T, Petermann E, Lundin C, et al. DNA repair pathways as targets for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2008;8:193-204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higano CS, Schellhammer PF, Small EJ, et al. Integrated data from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials of active cellular immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T in advanced prostate cancer. Cancer 2009;115:3670-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzinger D, Schmitt M, Dyckhoff G, et al. Viral RNA Patterns and High Viral Load Reliably Define Oropharynx Carcinomas with Active HPV16 Involvement. Cancer Res 2012;72:4993-5003.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang RS, Duan S, Bleibel WK, et al. A genome-wide approach to identify genetic variants that contribute to etoposide-induced cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:9758-63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubeek I, Stam RW, Peters GJ, et al. The human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 mediates in vitro cytarabine sensitivity in childhood acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Cancer 2005;93:1388-94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Idbaih A, Marie Y, Pierron G, et al. Two types of chromosome 1p losses with opposite significance in gliomas. Ann Neurol 2005;58:483-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inoges S, Rodriguez-Calvillo M, Zabalegui N, et al. Clinical benefit associated with idiotypic vaccination in patients with follicular lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006;98:1292-301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwanami A, Gini B, Zanca C, et al. PML mediates glioblastoma resistance to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-targeted therapies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013;110:4339-44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain KK. Personalized Medicine. Decision Resources Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain KK. Personalized Medicine. Informa Pharmaceutical Publications, London, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain KK. Personalised medicine. Curr Opinion Mol Ther 2002;4:548-558.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain KK. Textbook of Personalized Medicine. Springer, New York, 2009a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain KK. Textbook of Hyperbaric Medicine, 5th ed. Hogrefe & Huber, Göttingen, 2009b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain KK. Personalized cancer vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010;12:1637-47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janikashvili N, Larmonier N, Katsanis E. Personalized dendritic cell-based tumor immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2010;2:57-68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jha P, Suri V, Jain A, et al. O6-Methylguanine DNA Methyltransferase Gene Promoter Methylation Status in Gliomas and Its Correlation With Other Molecular Alterations: First Indian Report With Review of Challenges for Use in Customized Treatment. Neurosurgery 2010;67:1681-91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji J, Shi J, Budhu A, et al. MicroRNA Expression, Survival, and Response to Interferon in Liver Cancer. NEJM 2009;361:1437-47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ju YS, Lee WC, Shin JY, et al. Fusion of KIF5B and RET transforming gene in lung adenocarcinoma revealed from whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing. Genome Res 2012;22:436-45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juhász C, Muzik O, Lu X, et al. Quantification of Tryptophan Transport and Metabolism in Lung Tumors Using PET. J Nucl Med 2009;50:356-63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung SY, Rosenzweig M, Sereika SM, et al. Factors associated with mortality after breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Causes Control 2012;23:103-12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karapetis CS, Khambata-Ford S, Jonker DJ, et al. K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1757-65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katayama R, Khan TM, Benes C, et al. Therapeutic strategies to overcome crizotinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancers harboring the fusion oncogene EML4-ALK. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:7535-40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim Y, Wu Q, Hamerlik P, et al. Aptamer Identification of Brain Tumor-Initiating Cells. Cancer Res 2013;73;4923-36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura H, Kasahara K, Kawaishi M, et al. Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in serum as a predictor of the response to gefitinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:3915-21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klinac D, Gray ES, Millward M, Ziman M. Advances in personalized targeted treatment of metastatic melanoma and non-invasive tumor monitoring. Front Oncol 2013;3:54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koboldt DC, Fulton RS, McLellan MD, et al. Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 2012;490:61-70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korpanty G, Carbon JG, Grayburn PA, et al. Monitoring response to anticancer therapy by targeting microbubbles to tumor vasculature. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:323-30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koya RC, Kimura T, Ribas A, et al. Lentiviral vector-mediated autonomous differentiation of mouse bone marrow cells into immunologically potent dendritic cell vaccines. Mol Ther 2007;15:971-80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kratz JR, He J, Van Den Eeden SK, et al. A practical molecular assay to predict survival in resected non-squamous, non-small-cell lung cancer: development and international validation studies. Lancet 2012;379:823-32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwak EL, Bang YJ, Camidge DR, et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1693-703.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kretschmar C, Kleinberg L, Greenberg M, et al. Pre-radiation chemotherapy with response-based radiation therapy in children with central nervous system germ cell tumors: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:285-91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurdziel KA, Ravizzini G, Croft BY, et al. The evolving role of nuclear molecular imaging in cancer. Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics 2008;2:829-42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leary RJ, Lin JC, Cummins J, et al. Integrated analysis of homozygous deletions, focal amplifications, and sequence alterations in breast and colorectal cancers. PNAS 2008;105:16224-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee E, Nichols P, Spicer D, et al. GRP78 as a Novel Predictor of Responsiveness to Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2006;66: 7849-53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leong C, Vidnovic N, DeYoung MP, et al. The p63/p73 network mediates chemosensitivity to cisplatin in a biologically defined subset of primary breast cancers. J Clin Invest 2007;117:1370-80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Zou L, Li Q, et al. Amplification of LAPTM4B and YWHAZ contributes to chemotherapy resistance and recurrence of breast cancer. Nat Med 2010;16:214-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang C, Marsit CJ, McClean MD, et al. Biomarkers of HPV in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2012;72:5004-13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu R, Wang X, Chen GY, et al. The Prognostic Role of a Gene Signature from Tumorigenic Breast-Cancer Cells. NEJM 2007;356:217-26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu XQ, Song WJ, Sun TM, et al. Targeted delivery of antisense inhibitor of miRNA for antiangiogenesis therapy using cRGD-functionalized nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2011;8:250-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long W, Yi P, Amazit L, et al. SRC-3Δ4 Mediates the Interaction of EGFR with FAK to Promote Cell Migration. Molecular Cell 2010;37:321-32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzi PL, Reinhold WC, Rudelius M, et al. Asparagine synthetase as a causal, predictive biomarker for L-asparaginase activity in ovarian cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5:2613-23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lukes L, Crawford N, Walker R, Hunter KW. The Origins of Breast Cancer Prognostic Gene Expression Profiles. Cancer Res 2009;69:310-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma XJ, Hilsenbeck SG, Wang W, et al. The HOXB13:IL17BR expression index is a prognostic factor in early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:4611-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackensen A, Meidenbauer N, Vogl S, et al. Phase I study of adoptive T-cell therapy using antigen-specific CD8+ T cells for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:5060-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maheswaran S, Sequist LV, Nagrath S, et al. Detection of Mutations in EGFR in Circulating Lung-Cancer Cells. NEJM 2008;359:366-77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manuyakorn A, Paulus R, Farrell J, et al. Cellular histone modification patterns predict prognosis and treatment response in resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma: results from RTOG 9704. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1358-65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez R, Schackert G, Esteller M. Hypermethylation of the proapoptotic gene TMS1/ASC: prognostic importance in glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol 2007;82:133-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McAuliffe SM, Morgan SL, Wyant GA, et al. Targeting Notch, a key pathway for ovarian cancer stem cells, sensitizes tumors to platinum therapy. PNAS 2012;109:E2939-48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDermott U, Downing JR, Stratton MR. Genomics and the Continuum of Cancer Care. N Engl J Med 2011;364:340-50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merlo A, Turrini R, Dolcetti R, et al. Adoptive cell therapy against EBV-related malignancies: a survey of clinical results. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008;8:1265-94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller LD, Liu ET. Expression genomics in breast cancer research: microarrays at the crossroads of biology and medicine. Breast Cancer Res 2007;9:206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misale S, Yaeger R, Hobor S, et al. Emergence of KRAS mutations and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer. Nature 2012;486:532-6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreton P, Kennedy B, Lucas G, et al. Eradication of minimal residual disease in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia after alemtuzumab therapy is associated with prolonged survival. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:2971-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nemunaitis J, Clayman G, Agarwala SS, et al. Biomarkers predict p53 gene therapy efficacy in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:7719-25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Uemura H, et al. A randomized phase II trial of personalized peptide vaccine plus low dose estramustine phosphate (EMP) versus standard dose EMP in patients with castration resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010;59:1001-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norell H, Poschke I, Charo J, et al. Vaccination with a plasmid DNA encoding HER-2/neu together with low doses of GM-CSF and IL-2 in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma: a pilot clinical trial. J Transl Med 2010;8:53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogino S, Nosho K, Kirkner GJ, et al. A cohort study of tumoral LINE-1 hypomethylation and prognosis in colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:1734-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohashi K, Sequist LV, Arcila ME, et al. Lung cancers with acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors occasionally harbor BRAF gene mutations but lack mutations in KRAS, NRAS, or MEK1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012;109:E2127-33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ornish D, Magbanua M, Weidner G, et al. Changes in prostate gene expression in men undergoing an intensive nutrition and lifestyle intervention. PNAS 2008;105:8369-74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pallud J, Taillandier L, Capelle L, et al. Quantitative Morphological MRI Follow-up of Low-grade Glioma: A Plead for Systematic Measurement of Growth Rates. Neurosurgery 2012;71:729-40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park Y, Freedman AN, Gail MH, et al. Validation of a colorectal cancer risk prediction model among whites 50 years old and over. J Clin Oncol 2009a;27:694-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park S, Hatanpaa KJ, Xie Y, et al. The Receptor Interacting Protein 1 Inhibits p53 Induction through NF-{kappa}B Activation and Confers a Worse Prognosis in Glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2009b;69:2809-16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker JS, Mullins M, Cheang MC, et al. Supervised Risk Predictor of Breast Cancer Based on Intrinsic Subtypes. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:1160-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons DW, Jones S, Zhang X, et al. An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme. Science 2008;321:1807-12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patil R, Clifton GT, Holmes JP, et al. Clinical and immunologic responses of HLA-A3+ breast cancer patients vaccinated with the HER2/neu-derived peptide vaccine, E75, in a phase I/II clinical trial. J Am Coll Surg 2010;210:140-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peled N, Oton AB, Hirsch FR, Bunn P. MAGE A3 antigen-specific cancer immunotherapeutic. Immunotherapy 2009;1:19-25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez SA, von Hofe E, Kallinteris NL, et al. A new era in anticancer peptide vaccines. Cancer 2010;116:2071-80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philippar U, Roussos ET, Oser M, et al. A Mena invasion isoform potentiates EGF-induced carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis. Dev Cell 2008;15:813-28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilla L, Rivoltini L, Patuzzo R, et al. Multipeptide vaccination in cancer patients. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009;9:1043-55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polo JM, Juszczynski P, Monti S, et al. Transcriptional signature with differential expression of BCL6 target genes accurately identifies BCL6-dependent diffuse large B cell lymphomas. PNAS 2007;104:3207-12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Predina J, Eruslanov E, Judy B, et al. Changes in the local tumor microenvironment in recurrent cancers may explain the failure of vaccines after surgery. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013;110:E415-24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pui CH, Campana D, Pei D, et al. Treating Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia without Cranial Irradiation. NEJM 2009;360:2730-41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puzanov I, Flaherty KT. Targeted molecular therapy in melanoma. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2010;29:196-201.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raj L, Ide T, Gurkar AU, et al. Selective killing of cancer cells by a small molecule targeting the stress response to ROS. Nature 2011;475:231-4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratner ES, Keane FK, Lindner R, et al. A KRAS variant is a biomarker of poor outcome, platinum chemotherapy resistance and a potential target for therapy in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2012;31:4559-66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes DR, Ateeq B, Cao Q, et al. AGTR1 overexpression defines a subset of breast cancer and confers sensitivity to losartan, an AGTR1 antagonist. PNAS 2009;106:10284-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rieger KE, Hong WJ, Tusher VJ, et al. Toxicity from radiation therapy associated with abnormal transcriptional responses to DNA damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:6635-40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romero Rosales K, Singh G, Wu K, et al. Sphingolipid-based drugs selectively kill cancer cells by down-regulating nutrient transporter proteins. Biochem J 2011;439:299-311.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosell R. Mediating resistance in oncogene-driven cancers. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1551-2.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosell R, Moran T, Queralt C, et al. Screening for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations in Lung Cancer. NEJM 2009;361:958-67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi D, Rasi S, Spina V, et al. Integrated mutational and cytogenetic analysis identifies new prognostic subgroups in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2013;121:1403-12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Röth A, Harley CB, Baerlocher GM. Imetelstat (GRN163L)—telomerase-based cancer therapy. Recent Results Cancer Res 2010;184:221-34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rottenberg S, Jaspers JE, Kersbergen A, et al. High sensitivity of BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors to the PARP inhibitor AZD2281 alone and in combination with platinum drugs. PNAS 2008;105:17079-84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudin CM, Hann CL, Laterra J, et al. Treatment of Medulloblastoma with Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor GDC-0449. NEJM 2009;361:1173-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rummel S, Varner E, Shriver CD, Ellsworth RE. Evaluation of BRCA1 mutations in an unselected patient population with triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013;137:119-25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santana VM, Furman WL, Billups CA, et al. Improved response in high-risk neuroblastoma with protracted topotecan administration using a pharmacokinetically guided dosing approach. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:4039-47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott KL, Kabbarah O, Lian MC, et al. GOLPH3 modulates mTOR signalling and rapamycin sensitivity in cancer. Nature 2009;459:1085-90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Senzer N, Barve M, Kuhn J, et al. Phase I trial of “bi-shRNAi(furin)/GMCSF DNA/autologous tumor cell” vaccine (FANG) in advanced cancer. Mol Ther 2012;20:679-86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sequist LV, Heist RS, Shaw AT, et al. Implementing multiplexed genotyping of non-small-cell lung cancers into routine clinical practice. Ann Oncol 2011;22:2616-24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sequist LV, Nagrath S, Toner M, et al. The CTC-chip: an exciting new tool to detect circulating tumor cells in lung cancer patients. J Thorac Oncol 2009;4:281-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd FA, Pereira JR, Ciuleanu T, et al. Erlotinib in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2005;353:123-32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrimali RK, Yu Z, Theoret MR, et al. Antiangiogenic agents can increase lymphocyte infiltration into tumor and enhance the effectiveness of adoptive immunotherapy of cancer. Cancer Res 2010;70:6171-80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silvestri A, Pin E, Huijber A, et al. Individualized therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Int Med 2013;274:1-24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sjoblom T, Jones S, Wood LD, et al. The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers. Science 2006;314:268-74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slamon D, Eiermann W, Robert N, et al. Adjuvant Trastuzumab in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1273-83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith CC, Wang Q, Chin CS, et al. Validation of ITD mutations in FLT3 as a therapeutic target in human acute myeloid leukaemia. Nature 2012;485:260-3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snozek CL, O’Kane DJ, Algeciras-Schimnich A. Pharmacogenetics of solid tumors. directed therapy in breast, lung, and colorectal cancer. J Mol Diagn 2009;11:381-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sohn JW, Lee SY, Lee SJ, et al. MDR1 Polymorphisms Predict the Response to Etoposide-Cisplatin Combination Chemotherapy in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2006;36:137-41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Song LL, Miele L. Cancer stem cells-an old idea that’s new again: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007;7:431-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sos ML, Fischer S, Ullrich R, et al. Identifying genotype-dependent efficacy of single and combined PI3K- and MAPK-pathway inhibition in cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:18351-6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sottoriva A, Spiteri I, Piccirillo SG, et al. Intratumor heterogeneity in human glioblastoma reflects cancer evolutionary dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013;110:4009-14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer SL, Gaudet S, Albeck JG, et al. Non-genetic origins of cell-to-cell variability in TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Nature 2009;459:428-32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamatakos GS, Antipas VP, Uzunoglu NK. Simulating chemotherapeutic schemes in the individualized treatment context: The paradigm of glioblastoma multiforme treated by temozolomide in vivo. Comput Biol Med 2006;36:1216-34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanulla M, Schaeffeler E, Flohr T, et al. Thiopurine Methyltransferase (TPMT) Genotype and Early Treatment Response to Mercaptopurine in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. JAMA 2005;293:1485-89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su Z, Dannull J, Yang BK, et al. Telomerase mRNA-transfected dendritic cells stimulate antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. J Immunol 2005;174:3798-807.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su N, Pan YX, Zhou M, et al. Correlation between asparaginase sensitivity and asparagine synthetase protein content, but not mRNA, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:274-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian J, Simon R. Gene Expression-Based Prognostic Signatures in Lung Cancer: Ready for Clinical Use? J Natl Cancer Inst 2010;102:464-74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szotek PP, Pieretti-Vanmarcke R, Masiakos PT, et al. Ovarian cancer side population defines cells with stem cell-like characteristics and Mullerian Inhibiting Substance responsiveness. PNAS 2006;103:11154-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tagliabue E, Balsari A, Campiglio M, Pupa SM. HER2 as a target for breast cancer therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010;10:711-24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taguchi F, Solomon B, Gregorc V, et al. Mass spectrometry to classify non-small-cell lung cancer patients for clinical outcome after treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a multicohort cross-institutional study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:838-46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tandon P, Farahani K. NCI Image-Guided Drug Delivery Summit. Cancer Res 2011;71;314-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teschendorff AE, Miremadi A, Pinder SE, et al. An immune response gene expression module identifies a good prognosis subtype in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Genome Biology 2007;8:R157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thaxton CS, Elghanian R, Thomas AD, et al. Nanoparticle-based bio-barcode assay redefines "undetectable" PSA and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:18437-42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • The Cancer Genome Atlas Network. Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer. Nature 2012;487:330-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Integrated genomic analyses of ovarian carcinoma. Nature 2011;474:609-15.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Global Cancer Genomics Consortium. The Global Cancer Genomics Consortium: Interfacing Genomics and Cancer Medicine. Cancer Res 2012;72; 3720-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian Q, Price ND, Hood L. Systems Cancer Medicine: Towards Realization of Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, and Participatory (P4) Medicine (Key Symposium). J Intern Med 2012; 271:111-21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Timmerman JM, Vose JM, Czerwinski DK, et al. Tumor-specific recombinant idiotype immunisation after chemotherapy as initial treatment for follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2009;50:37-46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Roca JF. A molecular assay of tumor radiosensitivity: a roadmap towards biology-based personalized radiation therapy. Personalized Med 2012;9:547-57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsao MS, Sakurada A, Cutz JC, et al. Erlotinib in Lung Cancer – Molecular and Clinical Predictors of Outcome. NEJM 2005; 353:133-44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vecchione A, Belletti B, Lovat F, et al. A microRNA signature defines chemoresistance in ovarian cancer through modulation of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013;110:9845-50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verhaak R, Tamayo P, Yang JY, et al. Prognostically relevant gene signatures of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2013;123:517-25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva A, Toffanin S, Llovet JM. Linking molecular classification of hepatocellular carcinoma and personalized medicine: preliminary steps. Curr Opin Oncol 2008;20:444-53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang T, Hu YC, Dong S, et al. Co-activation of ERK, NF-kappa B, and GADD45ß in cell response to ionizing radiation. J Biol Chem 2005;280:12593-601.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weichselbaum RA, Ishwaran H, Yoon T, et al. An interferon-related gene signature for DNA damage resistance is a predictive marker for chemotherapy and radiation for breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:18490-5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein JN. Spotlight on molecular profiling: “Integromic” analysis of the NCI-60 cancer cell lines. Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5:2601-5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler CJ, Black KL. DCVax-Brain and DC vaccines in the treatment of GBM. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009;18:509-19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkerson MD, Yin X, Walter V, et al. Differential pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma subtypes involving sequence mutations, copy number, chromosomal instability, and methylation. PLoS One 2012;7(5):e36530.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood CG, Mulders P. Vitespen: a preclinical and clinical review. Future Oncol 2009;5:763-74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Worsham MJ, Ali H, Dragovic J, Schweitzer VP. Molecular characterization of head and neck cancer: how close to personalized targeted therapy? Mol Diagn Ther 2012;16:209-22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu K, Li A, Rao M, et al. DACH1 is a cell fate determination factor that inhibits cyclin D1 and breast tumor growth. Mol Cell Biol 2006;26:7116-29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu K, Nie Y, Guo C, et al. Molecular basis of therapeutic approaches to gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;24:37-41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu LY, Liu T, Hopkins MR, et al. Chemoaffinity capture of pre-targeted prostate cancer cells with magnetic beads. Prostate 2012;72:1532-41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xing D, Orsulic S. A genetically defined mouse ovarian carcinoma model for the molecular characterization of pathway-targeted therapy and tumor resistance. PNAS 2005;102: 6936-41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav AK, Renfrow JJ, Scholtens DM, et al. Monosomy of Chromosome 10 Associated With Dysregulation of Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling in Glioblastomas. JAMA 2009;302:276-89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang X, Zhou J, Weidong C, et al. 14-3-3zeta positive expression is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with Glioblastoma. Neurosurgery 2011;68:932-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeh IT, Martin MA, Robetorye RS, et al. Clinical validation of an array CGH test for HER2 status in breast cancer reveals that polysomy 17 is a rare event. Mod Pathol 2009;22:1169-75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoo BK, Gredler R, Vozhill N, et al. Identification of genes conferring resistance to 5-fluorouracil. PNAS 2009;106:12938-43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan H, Myers S, Wang J, et al. Use of Reprogrammed Cells to Identify Therapy for Respiratory Papillomatosis. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1220-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Y, Barlogie B, Shaughnessy Jr JD, et al. The molecular characterization and clinical management of multiple myeloma in the post-genome era. Leukemia 2009;23:1941-56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu H, Acquaviva J, Ramachandran P, et al. Oncogenic EGFR signaling cooperates with loss of tumor suppressor gene functions in gliomagenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:2712-6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jain PharmaBiotech, Basel, Switzerland

    Kewal K. Jain MD, FRACS, FFPM

Authors
  1. Kewal K. Jain MD, FRACS, FFPM
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jain, K.K. (2014). Personalized Cancer Therapy. In: Applications of Biotechnology in Oncology. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9245-0_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation