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Memorial Culture in the Former Yugoslavia: Mothers of Srebrenica and the Destruction of Artefacts by the ICTY

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The Arts of Transitional Justice

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Transitional Justice ((SSTJ,volume 6))

Abstract

This chapter analyses the impact of the recent destruction of Srebrenica victims’ artefacts by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The reasoning behind the destruction of more than 1,000 artefacts was that these pieces of evidence were no longer needed for the proceedings, and there was a lack of space in the ICTY for their preservation. Despite these explanations, the Bosnian association ‘Mothers of Srebrenica’ (Mothers) described this act as ‘another genocide’ and a ‘genocide of memory’, conducted by the ‘house of justice’ without the consent of the survivors. Drawing on interviews with Hatidža Mehmedović, the founder of the Mothers and Belma Zulčić, a representative of Bosnian Society for Threatened People based in Sarajevo, this chapter critically analyses the ownership of artefacts collected from the Srebrenica mass graves and challenges the right to destroy the victim’s final effects. The chapter contends that the choices as to what is remembered and forgotten have immense moral implications for individuals and the country. It argues that the destruction of artefacts was unnecessary and deprived survivors of the memories of their loved ones.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Personal interview, Hatidža Mehmedović, Srebrenica, 9 December 2011.

  2. 2.

    United Nations Security Council Resolution 819 (1993) on the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. See, S/Res/819/1993, 16 April 1993.

  3. 3.

    Laura Silber and Allan Little, The Death of Yugoslavia (Penguin Books, 1996), 274.

  4. 4.

    Estimates of the number of people killed in Srebrenica differ and are highly contested. The number 8,372 is adopted from the ‘Preliminary List of People Missing or Killed in Srebrenica’ compiled by the Bosnian Federal Commission of Missing Persons. The number was increased from the original 8,106 on 21 December 2008. See, Srebrenica Genocide Blog, http://srebrenica-genocide.blogspot.com/2008/12/update-8372-victims-of-srebrenica.html. Radislav Krstić, a Serb officer, was convicted for genocide and sentenced to 46 years of imprisonment by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the first conviction for genocide by the Tribunal. See, The Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstić, Judgement, Case No. IT-98-33-T, 2 August 2001, para. 84.

  5. 5.

    Four associations bring survivors together in Srebrenica: Mothers of Srebrenica, Women of Srebrenica, Association of Mothers of Srebrenica and Podrinja and Association of Mothers of Srebrenica and Žepa Enclaves. In this paper, I use ‘Mothers’ to refer to the association based in Potočari-Srebrenica.

  6. 6.

    The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo is an association of Argentine mothers whose children “disappeared” during the period of military dictatorship in Argentina from 1976 until 1983. The Mothers have gathered in order to find their missing sons and daughters, many of whom were tortured and killed. For detailed analyses of this association, see, Marguerite Guzman Berjano, Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1994); Diana Taylor, ‘Making a Spectacle: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo’ (2001) 3 (2) Journal of the Association for Research on Mothering: Mothering, Fathering and a Culture of Peace, 97-109. The Federation of Mothers from Ayacucho is an organization of Peruvian mothers who promotes peace and raise human rights awareness.

  7. 7.

    Meredeth Turshen and Clotilde Twagiramariya, What Women Do in War-time: Gender and Conflict in Africa (Zed Books, 1998); Krishna Kumar, Women and Civil War: Impact, Organizations and Actions (Lynne Rienner, 2001; Cynthia Cockburn, The Space Between Us: Negotiating Gender and National Identities in Conflict (Zed Books, 1998).

  8. 8.

    Olivera Simić, ‘Remembering, Visiting and Placing the Dead: Law, Authority and Genocide in Srebrenica’ (2009) 13 Law Text Culture, 273-311; Olivera Simić, ‘A Tour to a Site of Genocide: Mothers, Bones and Borders’ (2008) 9 (3) Journal of International Women Studies.

  9. 9.

    The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of two entities in BiH. The vast majority of the population in this entity are Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims).

  10. 10.

    Ratko Mladić is a Bosnian Serb former military leader accused of committing war crimes during Bosnian war. Mladić was accused by the ICTY of being responsible for the Srebrenica massacre. His trial began on June 3, 2011 and according to some predictions expected to finish in 2016. See, The Prosecutor v Ratko Mladic, Case No. IT-09-92-I, 1 June 2011; Jesse Wieten, ‘Mladic trial still expected to end in 2016’, News, 11 April 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-04/11/c_132301640.html.

  11. 11.

    In June 2005, the authentic video was publically broadcasted in Serbia and around the world which shows the ‘Scorpions’, a paramilitary Serb group, taking six Bosniak men into the wood near Srebrenica to be shot. Nataša Kandić, the executive director of the Humanitarian Law Centre in Belgrade, had managed to secure a copy of home video that the Scorpions made of their participation in executions of Bosniak men and boys after the fall of Srebrenica in 1995. The tape was used by the ICTY as an evidence material. See, Daniel Williams, ‘Srebrenica video vindicates long pursuit by Serb Activist’, Washington Post, 25 June 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/24/AR2005062401501.html; Institute Research for Genocide Canada, ‘Natasa Kandic-Eyewitness Testimony’, http://instituteforgenocide.org/?p=1126; Tim Judan and Daniel Sunter, ‘How video that put Serbia in dock was brought to light’, The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jun/05/balkans.warcrimes.

  12. 12.

    NATO bombed positions of the Serb army not because of Srebrenica, but massacre at Markale market in Sarajevo in August 1995.

  13. 13.

    Naser Orić was the first and only indictee for crimes against the Serb population in Srebrenica. In 2006, Orić, a former Bosnian army commander was found guilty of failing to prevent war crimes, and sentenced to two years in prison by the ICTY. On 3 July 2008, he was released from prison acquitted from the charges brought against him due to a lack of evidence that he bore criminal responsibility. See, Prosecutor v. Naser Orić, Case No. IT-03-68-A, Appeal Judgment, 3 July 2008.

  14. 14.

    Selma Leydesdorff, Surviving the Bosnian Genocide (Indiana University Press, 2011), 8.

  15. 15.

    Marija Taušan, ‘Masovna stratišta of Kravice do Pilice’, 10 July 2012, BalkanInsight, http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/masovna-stratista-od-kravice-do-pilice.

  16. 16.

    Hatidža Mehmedović, above n 2.

  17. 17.

    The UN Security Council, S/Res/827 (1993), 25 May 1993.

  18. 18.

    The last indictee, former Bosnian Serb military leader Ratko Mladić, was arrested on 26 May 2011 and extradited to the Hague on 31 May 2011 to face trial for war crimes.

  19. 19.

    Prosecutor v. Vujadin Popović, Ljubiša Beara, Drago Nikolić, Ljubomir Borovčanin, Radivoje Miletić, Milan Gvero and Vinko Pandurević, ‘Srebrenica’, IT-05-88, Judgement Summary, 10 June 2010.

  20. 20.

    Kristin Deasy and Dzenana Halimović, ‘After Hague Destroys Srebrenica Evidence, Survivors Feel Pain Of Lost Memories’, Radio Free Europe, 3 September 2009.

  21. 21.

    Srebrenica Genocide Blog, ‘U.N. Tribunal Destroys Evidence of Srebrenica Genocide’, 8 May 2009.

  22. 22.

    Ibid.

  23. 23.

    Balkan Insight, ‘Srebrenica Artefacts Destroyed in the Hague’, 16 July 2010, http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/srebrenica-artefacts-destroyed-in-the-hague.

  24. 24.

    Personal interview with Belma Zulčić, Sarajevo, 2 December 2011.

  25. 25.

    On October 20, 2011 I sent an email to the ICTY Prosecutor office asking whether the ICTY has any policy on destruction of evidence. Although there are no clear policies about destruction either before the ICTY or any other international tribunal, I was asking for any help to understand the reasoning and authority behind the decision to destroy. I received a reply a day later that ‘unfortunately, this issue is a part of an ongoing discussion with victims organizations’ and that they are ‘not able to assist me in this matter’. Email correspondence on file with author.

  26. 26.

    The official opening of the Srebrenica-Potočari Memorial Room and Cemetery for the Victims of the 1995 Genocide was on 20 September 2003. In the Room in Srebrenica-Potočari, the objects are accompanied by personal narratives of the human loss. The purpose of the Room is two-fold: preserving the memory of the dead, but also reminding people of those who survived the genocide. For extensive analysis of the Memorial Room, please see Olivera Simić, ‘Remembering, Visiting and Placing the Dead: Law, Authority and Genocide in Srebrenica’ above n 9.

  27. 27.

    Guido Acquaviva, ‘The Best before the date indicated’: Residual Mechanism at the ICTY’, in Bert Swart, Alexander Zahar and Goran Sluiter (eds.) The Legacy of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (New York, Oxford University Press, 2011), 511.

  28. 28.

    Telford Taylor, ‘Final Report to the Secretary of the Army on the Nurnberg War Crimes Trials under Control Council Law No. 10’, 15 August 1949, cited in Acquaviva, ibid.

  29. 29.

    UN Security Council, Resolution 1966 (2010) Adopted by the Security Council at its 6463rd meeting, on 22 December 2010, S/RES/1966 (2010), Article 27.

  30. 30.

    Guido Acquaviva, above n 28.

  31. 31.

    The exhibits that would be destroyed would be those that are used in the commission of a crime and/or those where destruction orders are made (in case of weapons, drugs, perishable things). Email correspondence on file with author (April 24, 2012).

  32. 32.

    UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on the administrative and budgetary aspects of the options for possible locations for the archives of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the seat for the residual mechanism(s) for the Tribunals, S/2009/258, 21 May 2009, para 15.

  33. 33.

    I am grateful to Mr Guido Acquaviva, for sharing his expertise on this topic. Email correspondence on file with author, 19 October 2011.

  34. 34.

    Interview with Hatidža Mehmedović, above n 2.

  35. 35.

    Prosecutor v Momir Nikolic, IT-02-60, Judgement, 2 December 2003.

  36. 36.

    Blagojevic and Jokic, IT-02-60, Trial Chamber, Judgement, 17 January 2005, paras. 615 and 620.

  37. 37.

    UN Security Council, above n 33, paras. 41 and 42.

  38. 38.

    Czeslaw Milosz, The Issa Valley (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000), 281.

  39. 39.

    David Kazanjian and Marc Nichanian, ‘Between Genocide and Catastrophe’ in David L. Eng and David Kazanjian (eds.), Loss: The Politics of Mourning (University of California Press, 2003), 134.

  40. 40.

    Ibid.

  41. 41.

    Martha Minow, Between Vengeance and Forgiveness (Beacon Press Boston, 1998), 1.

  42. 42.

    Siegfried Lenz, U¨ ber das Geda¨chtnis (Munich: DTV, 1992), 10.

  43. 43.

    Kristin Deasy and Dzenana Halimovic, ‘After Hague Destroys Srebrenica Evidence, Survivors Feel Pain Of Lost Memories’, Radio Free Europe, 3 September 2009.

  44. 44.

    Suzanne Bardgett, ‘Memorial Room for Battery Factory at Potocari, The Muslim News, Issue 195, 29 July 2005, http://www.muslimnews.co.uk/paper/index.php?article=2061. Accessed 7 June 2012.

  45. 45.

    W. James Booth, Communities of Memory: On Witness, Identity, and Justice (Cornell University, 2006), 31.

  46. 46.

    Judy Barsalou and Victoria Baxter, The Urge to Remember: The Role of Memorials in Social Reconstruction and Transitional Justice (The United States Institute for Peace, 2007), 6.

  47. 47.

    Ibid, 6.

  48. 48.

    W. James Booth, ‘The Unforgotten: Memories of Justice,’ American Political Science Review 95(4).

  49. 49.

    W. James Booth, ‘The Work of Memory: Time, Identity and Justice’, Social Research 75 (1) 2008, 238.

  50. 50.

    Naomi Roht-Arriaza, ‘Reparations decisions and dilemmas’, Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 27 (2) (2004), 157–219.

  51. 51.

    Pablo de Greiff, ‘Justice and Reparations’ in The Handbook on Reparations (Oxford University Press, 2000), 453.

  52. 52.

    Brandon Hamber and Ingrid Palmary, ‘Gender, Memorialization, and Symbolic Reparations’ in Ruth Rubio-Marin, Gender of Reparations: Unsettling Sexual Hierarchies While Redressing Human Rights Violations (Cambridge University Press, 2009), 325.

  53. 53.

    General Assembly Resolution 60/147, The United Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (United Nations, 16 December 2005).

  54. 54.

    Naomi Roht-Arriaza, ‘Reparations decisions and dilemmas’, above n 51.

  55. 55.

    Suzanne Bardgett, above n 45.

  56. 56.

    Ed Vulliamy, ‘Srebrenica: genocide and memory, Open Democracy, 4 July 2005.

  57. 57.

    Martine Hawkes, ‘Containing Testimony: Archiving Loss After Genocide’, Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies 26 (6) (2012).

  58. 58.

    Suvendrini Perera, ‘They Give Evidence: Bodies, Borders and the Disappeared’, Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture 12 (2006), 749. I would like to thank Martine Hawkes for bringing this quote and article to my attention.

  59. 59.

    Lia Kent, ‘Local Memory Practices in East Timor: Disrupting Transitional Justice Narratives’, The International Journal of Transitional Justice (5) 2011, 444.

  60. 60.

    W. James Booth, above n 49, 782.

  61. 61.

    Ibid, 777.

  62. 62.

    Russell Rodrigo, ‘Between Remembrance and Recreation: Containing Memory in Urban Landscapes’ (1) (2011) Memory Connection, 273.

  63. 63.

    Ibid.

  64. 64.

    Philip Stone and Richard Sharpley, ‘Consuming Dark Tourism: A Thanatological Perspective’, Annals of Tourism Research 35 (2) 2008, 558.

  65. 65.

    Interview with Hatidža Mehmedović, above n 2.

  66. 66.

    Joy Sather-Wagstaff, Heritage that Hurts: Tourists in the Memoryscapes of September 11 (Left Coast Press, 2011), 153.

  67. 67.

    PAHO, WHO, ICRC and IFRC ‘Management of Dead Bodies after Disasters: A Field Manual for First Responders’ (Washington, D.C. 2006), 13.

  68. 68.

    Elizabeth Porter, Peacebuilding: Women in International Perspective (Routledge, 2007), 126.

  69. 69.

    For discussion on this theme, see Trudy Huskamp Peterson, ‘Temporary Courts, Permanent Records’ (United States Institute of Peace, August 2006), Special Report.

  70. 70.

    Interview with Hatidža Mehmedović, above n 2.

  71. 71.

    Ibid.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Chef de Cabinet in the Office of the President of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Mr Guido Acquaviva, Associate Professor Peter Rush and Dr Martine Hawkes for their careful reading and useful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. I would also like to thank participants of the panel session ‘Excavating the Truth in the Wake of Human Rights Atrocities’ (Law and Society conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, June 5–8, 2012) for their valuable comments. I am indebted to Hatidža Mehmedović and Belma Zulčić for their participation in the research.

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    Olivera Simić

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    Peter D. Rush

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    Olivera Simić

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Simić, O. (2014). Memorial Culture in the Former Yugoslavia: Mothers of Srebrenica and the Destruction of Artefacts by the ICTY. In: Rush, P., Simić, O. (eds) The Arts of Transitional Justice. Springer Series in Transitional Justice, vol 6. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8385-4_9

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