Abstract
Researchers have recently begun to articulate factors associated with cognitive readiness. For the most part, these efforts have focused on individual performance. However, it is apparent that many modern tasks require workers to perform as part of a team. This may impose additional cognitive readiness demands. This chapter extends the work on cognitive readiness to the area of team performance. The authors describe a set of candidate skills that may indicate cognitive readiness for teamwork.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alavi, J., & McCormick, J. (2007). Measurement of vertical and horizontal idiocentrism and allocentrism in small groups. Small Group Research, 38(4), 556–564.
Alavi, S. B., & McCormick, J. (2004). A cross-cultural analysis of the effectiveness of the learning organization model in school contexts. International Journal of Educational Management, 18(7), 408–416.
Baker, D. P., & Salas, E. (1992). Principles for measuring teamwork skills. Human Factors, 34(4), 469–475.
Barnes, C., Hollenbeck, J., Wagner, D., DeRue, D., Nahrgang, J., & Schwind, K. (2008). Harmful help: The costs of backing-up behavior in teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 529–539.
Barrick, M. R., Stewart, G. L., Neubert, M. J., & Mount, M. K. (1998). Relating member ability and personality to work-team processes and team effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 377–391.
Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass and Stogdill’s handbook of leadership. New York: Free Press.
Blickensderfer, E., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., & Salas, E. (1998). Cross-training and team performance. In J. A. Cannon-Bowers & E. Salas (Eds.), Making decisions under stress: Implications for individual and team training (pp. 299–311). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Bowers, C. A., Braun, C. C., & Morgan, B. B. (1997). Team workload: Its meaning and measurement. In M. T. Brannick, E. Salas, & C. Prince (Eds.), Team performance assessment and measurement: Theory, methods, and applications (pp. 85–108). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bowers, C. A., Jentsch, F., & Salas, E. (2000). Establishing aircrew competencies: A comprehensive approach for identifying CRM training needs. In H. F. O’Neil & D. H. Andrews (Eds.), Aircrew training methods and assessment (pp. 67–83). Mahwah, NJ: LEA.
Bradley, J., White, B. J., & Mennecke, B. E. (2003). Teams and tasks: A temporal framework for the effects of interpersonal interventions on team performance. Small Group Research, 34(3), 353–387.
Brown, S. L., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (1995). Product development: Past research, present findings, and future directions. Academy of Management Review, 20, 343–378.
Burke, C., Stagl, K., Klein, C., Goodwin, G., Salas, E., & Halpin, S. (2006). What type of leadership behaviors are functional in teams? A meta-analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(3), 288–307.
Burke, R. J., Weir, T., & Duncan, G. (1976). Informal helping relationships in work organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 19, 370–377.
Campion, M. A., Medsker, G. J., & Higgs, A. C. (1993). Relations between work group characteristics and effectiveness: Implications for designing effective work groups. Personnel Psychology, 46, 823–850.
Cannon-Bowers, J. A., & Bowers, C. (2010). Team development and functioning. In S. Zedeck (Ed.), APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 597–650). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Bowers, C. A., & Sanchez, A. (2008a). Using synthetic learning environments to train teams. In V. I. Sessa & M. London (Eds.), Work group learning: Understanding, improving and assessing how groups learn in organizations (pp. 315–346). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cannon-Bowers, J. A., & Salas, E. (1998a). Team performance and training in complex environments: Recent findings from applied research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7(3), 83–87.
Cannon-Bowers, J. A., & Salas, E. E. (1998b). Making decisions under stress: Implications for individual and team training. American Psychological Association.
Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Salas, E., Tannenbaum, S., & Mathieu, J. (1995). Toward theoretically based principles of training effectiveness: A model and initial empirical investigation. Military Psychology, 7(3), 141–164.
Christensen, C., Laerson, J. R., Jr., Abbott, A., Ardolino, A., Franz, T., & Pfeiffer, C. (2000). Decision making of clinical teams: Communication patterns and diagnostic error. Medical Decision Making, 20, 45–50.
Crichton, M. (2005). Attitudes to teamwork, leadership, and stress in oil industry drilling teams. Safety Science, 43, 676–695.
Cuevas, H. M., Fiore, S. M., Bowers, C. A., & Salas, E. (2004). Fostering constructive cognitive and metacognitive activity in computer-based complex task training environments. Computers in Human Behavior, 20(2), 225–241.
DeChurch, L., & Haas, C. (2008). Examining team planning through an episodic lens: Effects of deliberate, contingency, and reactive planning on team effectiveness. Small Group Research, 39(5), 542–568.
Driskell, J. E., & Salas, E. (1997). Collective behavior and team performance. In D. F. Russ-Eft, H. S. Preskill, C. Sleezer, D. F. Russ-Eft, H. S. Preskill, & C. Sleezer (Eds.), Human resource development review: Research and implications (pp. 206–222). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ellis, A., Bell, B., Ployhart, R., Ilgen, D., & Hollenbeck, J. (2005). An evaluation of generic teamwork skills training with action teams: Effects on cognitive and skill-based outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 58(3), 641–672.
Flin, R., Fletcher, G., McGeorge, P., Sutherland, A., & Patey, R. (2003). Anaesthetists’ attitudes to teamwork and safety. Anaesthesia, 58, 233–242.
Flin, R., O’Connor, P., & Mearns, K. (2002). Crew resource management. Improving teamwork in high reliability industries. Team Performance Management, 8, 68–78.
Foushee, H. C. (1984). Dyads and triads at 35,000 feet. Factors affecting group process and aircrew performance. American Psychologist, 38, 885–893.
Fowlkes, J., Lane, N., Salas, E., Franz, T., & Oser, R. (1994). Improving the measurement of team performance: The targets methodology. Military Psychology, 6(1), 47–61.
Gregorich, S., Helmreich, R., & Wilhelm, J. (1990). The structure of cockpit management attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 682–690.
Grogan, E. L., Stiles, R. A., France, D. J., Speroff, T., Morris, J. A., Nixon, B., et al. (2004). The impact of aviation-based teamwork training on the attitudes of health-care professionals. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 199(6), 843–848.
Guzzo, R., & Dickson, M. (1996). Teams in organizations: Recent research on performance and effectiveness. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 307–338.
Hackman, J. R., & Wageman, R. (2005). When and how team leaders matter. In B. Staw & R. Moreland (Eds.), Research in organization behavior (Vol. 26). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Harris, T. E., & Sherblom, J. C. (2002). Small group and team communication. New York: Allyn & Bacon.
Helmreich, R. (1984). Cockpit management attitudes. Human Factors, 26(5), 583–589.
Helmreich, R., & Merritt, A. C. (1998). Culture at work in aviation and medicine. National, organizational and professional influences. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
Helmreich, R., Sexton, J. B., & Merritt, A. C. (1997). The operating room management attitudes questionnaire (ORMAQ) (University of Texas Aerospace Crew Research Project Technical Report 97-6). Austin, TX: University of Texas.
Helmreich, R. L., & Foushee, H. C. (1993). Why crew resource management? Empirical and theoretical bases of human factors training in aviation. In E. L. Wiener, B. G. Kanki, & R. L. Helmreich (Eds.), Cockpit resource management. New York: Academic.
Hertel, G., Konradt, U., & Voss, K. (2006). Competencies for virtual teamwork: Development and validation of a web-based selection tool for members of distributed teams. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15(4), 477–504.
Hirschfeld, R., Jordan, M., Feild, H., Giles, W., & Armenakis, A. (2006). Becoming team players: Team members’ mastery of teamwork knowledge as a predictor of team task proficiency and observed teamwork effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 467–474.
Hollenbeck, J. R., DeRue, D., & Guzzo, R. (2004). Bridging the gap between I/O research and HR practice: Improving team composition, team training, and team task design. Human Resource Management, 43(4), 353–366.
Jentsch, F., Barnett, J., Bowers, C. A., & Salas, E. (1999). Who is flying this plane anyway? What mishaps tell us about crew member role assignment and air crew situation awareness. Human Factors, 41(1), 1–14.
Kozlowski, S. W. J., Gully, S. M., Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (1996). Team leadership and development: Theory, principles, and guidelines for training leaders and teams. In M. Beyerlein, S. Beyerlein, & D. Johnson (Eds.), Advances in interdisciplinary studies of work teams (pp. 253–292). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
Lassiter, D. L., Vaughn, J. S., Smaltz, V. E., Morgan, B. B., & Salas, E. (1990). A comparison of two types of training interventions on team communication performance. In D. Woods & E. Roth (Eds.), Proceedings of the human factors society 34th annual meeting (pp. 1372–1376). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
LePine, J. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Ilgen, D. R., & Hedlund, J. (1997). Effects of individual differences on the performance of hierarchical decision-making teams: Much more than g. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 803–811.
Lingard, L., Espin, S., Whyte, S., Regehr, G., Baker, G., Reznick, R., et al. (2004). Communication failures in the operating room: An observational classification of recurrent types and effects. Quality & Safety in Health Care, 13(5), 330–334.
MacMillan, J., Entin, E., & Serfaty, D. (2004). Communication overhead: The hidden cost of team cognition. In E. Salas & S. M. Fiore (Eds.), Team cognition: Understanding the factors that drive process and performance (pp. 61–82). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Marks, M. A., Mathieu, J. E., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2001). A temporally based framework and taxonomy of team processes. Academy of Management Review, 26, 356–376.
Marks, M. A., Sabella, M. J., Burke, C., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2002). The impact of cross-training on team effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 3–13.
Marks, M., Zaccaro, S., & Mathieu, J. (2000). Performance implications of leader briefings and team-interaction training for team adaptation to novel environments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 971–986.
Mathieu, J., Maynard, M. T., Rapp, T., & Gilson, L. (2008). Team effectiveness 1997–2007: A review of recent advancements and a glimpse into the future. Journal of Management, 34, 410–476.
Mathieu, J., & Shulze, W. (2006). The influence of team knowledge and formal plans on episodic team process-performance relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 605–619.
Maynard, M. T., Mathieu, J., Marsh, W., & Ruddy, T. (2007). A multilevel investigation of the influences of employees’ resistance to empowerment. Human Performance, 20, 147–171.
McClough, A. C., & Rogelberg, S. G. (2003). Selection in teams: An exploration of the teamwork knowledge, skills, and ability test. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 11(1), 56–66.
Mesmer-Magnus, J., & DeChurch, L. (2009). Information sharing and team performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 535–546.
Miller, D. L. (2001). Reexamining teamwork KSAs and team performance. Small Group Research, 32(6), 745–766.
Mohrman, S. A., & Cohen, S. G. (1995). When people get out of the box: New relationships, new systems. In A. Howard (Ed.), The changing nature of work (pp. 365–410). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Morey, J. C., Simon, R., Jay, G. D., Wears, R. L., Salisbury, M., Dukes, K. A., et al. (2002). Error reduction and performance improvement in the emergency department through formal teamwork training: Evaluation results of the MedTeams project. Health Services Research, 37(6), 1553–1581.
Morgan, B., Salas, E., & Glickman, A. (1993). An analysis of team evolution and maturation. The Journal of General Psychology, 120(3), 277–291.
Morgeson, F., Reider, M., & Campion, M. (2005). Selecting individuals in team settings: The importance of social skills, personality characteristics, and teamwork knowledge. Personnel Psychology, 58(3), 583–611.
Morrison, J., & Fletcher, J. D. (2002). Cognitive readiness (IDA Paper P-3735). Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses.
Mumford, T. V., Van Iddekinge, C. H., Morgeson, F. P., & Campion, M. A. (2008). The team role test: Development and validation of a team role knowledge situational judgment test. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 250–267.
O’Connor, P., & Flin, R. (2003). Crew resource management training for offshore oil production teams. Safety Science, 41, 591–609.
O’Daniel, M., & Rosenstein, A. (2008). Professional communication and team coordination. In R. Hughes (Ed.), Patient safety and quality. Washington, DC: AHRQ.
Oser, R. L., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Salas, E., & Dwyer, D. J. (1999). Enhancing human performance in technology-rich environments: Guidelines for scenario-based training. In E. Salas (Ed.), Human/technology interaction in complex systems (pp. 175–202). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
Paris, C., Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. (2000). Teamwork in multi-person systems: A review and analysis. Ergonomics, 43(8), 1052–1075.
Patrashkova-Volzdoska, R., McComb, S., Green, S., & Compton, W. (2003). Examining a curvilinear relationship between communication frequency and team performance in cross-functional project teams. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 50(3), 262–269.
Ployhart, R., & Bliese, P. (2006). I-ADAPT theory: Conceptualizing the antecedents, consequences, and measurement of individual differences in adaptability. In E. Salas (Ed.), Advances in human performance and cognitive engineering research. Bingley, UK: Emerald.
Porter, C. (2005). Goal orientation: Effects on backing up behavior, performance, efficacy, and commitment in teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 811–818.
Porter, C., Hollenbeck, J., Ilgen, D., Ellis, A., West, B., & Moon, H. (2003). Backing up behaviors in teams: The role of personality and legitimacy of need. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 391–403.
Prichard, J. S., Bizo, L. A., & Stratford, R. J. (2006). The educational impact of team-skills training: Preparing students to work in groups. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(1), 119–140.
Prince, C., & Salas, E. (1993). Training and research for teamwork in the military aircrew. In E. L. Wiener, B. G. Kanki, & R. L. Helmreich (Eds.), Cockpit resource management (pp. 337–366). Orlando, FL: Academic.
Pulakos, E., Arad, S., Donovan, M., & Plamondon, K. (2000). Adaptability in the workplace: Development of a taxonomy of adaptive performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(4), 612–624.
Pulakos, E., Dorsey, D., & White, S. (2006). Adaptability in the workplace: Selecting an adaptive workforce. In C. S. Burke, L. G. Pierce, & E. Salas (Eds.), Understanding adaptability: A prerequisite for effective performance within complex environments (pp. 41–71). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Salas, E., & Bowers, C. A. (2000). The design and delivery of crew resource management training: Exploiting available resources. Human Factors, 42(3), 490–511.
Salas, E., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., & Johnston, J. (1997). How can you turn a team of experts into an expert team?: Emerging training strategies. In C. E. Zsambok, G. Klein, C. E. Zsambok, & G. Klein (Eds.), Naturalistic decision making (pp. 359–370). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Salas, E., Fowlkes, J., Stout, R., Milanovich, D., & Prince, C. (1999). Does CRM training improve teamwork skills in the cockpit? Two evaluation studies. Human Factors, 41(2), 326–343.
Salas, E., Prince, C., Bowers, C., Stout, R., Oser, R., & Cannon-Bowers, J. (1999). A methodology for enhancing crew resource management training. Human Factors, 41(1), 161–172.
Salas, E., Rozell, D., Mullen, B., & Driskell, J. E. (1999). The effect of team building on performance: An integration. Small Group Research, 30(3), 309–329.
Saus, E.-R., Johnsen, B. H., Eid, J., Riisem, P. K., Andersen, R., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The effect of brief situational awareness training in a police shooting simulator: An experimental study. Military Psychology, 18(Suppl), S3–S21.
Schatz, S., Bowers, C., & Nicholson, D. (2009). Advanced situated tutors: Design, philosophy, and a review of existing systems. In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Santa Monica, CA: HFES.
Smith-Jentsch, K. A., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Tannenbaum, S. I., & Salas, E. (2008). Guided team self-correction: Impacts on team mental models, processes, and effectiveness. Small Group Research, 39(3), 303–327.
Smith-Jentsch, K. A., Salas, E., & Baker, D. P. (1996). Training team performance-related assertiveness. Personnel Psychology, 49(4), 909–936.
Stajkovic, A. D., Lee, D., & Nyberg, A. J. (2009). Collective efficacy, group potency, and group performance: Meta-analyses of their relationships, and test of a mediation model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(3), 814–828.
Stevens, M. J., & Campion, M. A. (1997). Teamwork-KSA test: Examiners manual. Rosemont, IL: McGraw-Hill/London House.
Stevens, M. J., & Campion, M. A. (1999). Staffing work teams: Development and validation of a selection test for teamwork settings. Journal of Management, 25(2), 207–228.
Stewart, G. (2006). A meta-analytic review of the relationship among team design features and team performance. Journal of Management, 32, 29–55.
Stone, R., & Bailey, J. (2007). Team conflict self-efficacy and outcome expectancy of business students. The Journal of Education for Business, 82, 56–62.
Stout, R. J., Driskell, J. E., & Salas, E. (1997). Collective orientation and team performance. In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 1190–1194). Santa Monica, CA: HFES.
Strater, L., & Bolstad, C. (2008). Simulation-based situation awareness training. In D. Vincenzi (Ed.), Human factors in simulation and training. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Svensson, J., & Andersson, J. (2006). Speech acts, communication problems, and fighter pilot team performance. Ergonomics, 49(12/13), 1226–1237.
Tannenbaum, S. I., Smith-Jentsch, K. A., & Behson, S. J. (1998). Training team leaders to facilitate team learning and performance. In J. A. Cannon-Bowers & E. Salas (Eds.), Making decisions under stress: Implications for individual and team training (pp. 247–270). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.
Urban, J., Bowers, C., Monday, S., & Morgan, B. (1995). Workload, team structure, and communication in team performance. Military Psychology, 7(2), 123–139.
Wallin, C.-J., Meurling, L., Hedman, L., Hedegård, J., & Felländer-Tsai, L. (2007). Target-focused medical emergency team training using a human patient simulator: Effects on behaviour and attitude. Medical Education, 41(2), 173–180.
Wears, R. L., Perry, S. J., Shapiro, M., Beach, C., Croskerry, P., & Behara, R. (2003). Shift changes among emergency physicians: Best of times, worst of times. In Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 1420–1423). Santa Monica, CA: HFES.
Weaver, S., Rosen, M., DiazGranados, D., Lazarra, E., Lyons, R., Salas, E., et al. (2010). Does teamwork improve performance in the operating room? A multilevel evaluation. Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 36, 133–142.
Yedidia, M. J., Gillespie, C. C., Kachur, E., Schwartz, M. D., Ockene, J., Chepaitis, A. E., et al. (2003). Effect of communications training on medical student performance. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(9), 1157–1165.
Acknowledgments
The work reported herein was partially supported by a grant from the Office of Naval Research, Award Number N00014-08-1-0126. The findings and opinions expressed here do not necessarily reflect the positions or policies of the Office of Naval Research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bowers, C., Cannon-Bowers, J. (2014). Cognitive Readiness for Complex Team Performance. In: O'Neil, H., Perez, R., Baker, E. (eds) Teaching and Measuring Cognitive Readiness. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7579-8_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7579-8_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7578-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7579-8
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)