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Brain Imaging and Cognition

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Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan

Part of the book series: Advances in Behavior Genetics ((AIBG,volume 1))

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain allows us to study the morphology and function of the brain in a noninvasive way. The rapid introduction of high-resolution MRI scanners has been accompanied by a constant improvement of semiautomated statistical methods to quantify and systematically compare morphological and functional differences of diverse brain structures. These methods provide a powerful tool for characterizing individual differences in brain anatomy, connectivity, and functionality. Both structural and functional brain measures have been associated with cognitive, affective, and behavioral measures. Brain imaging genetics is the study of the effect that genetic variants may have on brain structure and function. Studying how genes can affect brain development and cognition has helped us to understand better the underlying biological mechanisms of cognitive traits and brain disorders. Genes associated with brain structure are of importance for cognitive functioning; and vice versa, genes associated with cognitive functioning are also of importance for the development of brain structures. This chapter provides an overview of the most commonly used imaging techniques to study brain anatomy, connectivity, and functionality. It also reviews how neuroimaging techniques have been used to elucidate the development of the brain across lifespan and its relation to cognitive function. Finally, it reviews some of the most consistent findings on the genetics of neuroimaging measures and the effect genetic variation can have on the brain in relation to cognition and in some neuropsychiatric disorders such as Autism, ADHD, Schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    It should be noted that the endophenotype approach relies on the assumption that the genetic basis of endophenotypes is easier to analyze than the categorical classification of an end-phenotype, such as a neuropsychiatric disorder. However, a systematic metanalysis of genetic association studies of endophenotypes showed that while endophenotypes measures may afford greater reliability, it should not be assumed that they will also demonstrate simpler genetic architecture (Flint and Munafo 2007). The added value of the endophenotype approach thus remains to be proven.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, 10029, New York, NY, USA

    Iván Chavarría-Siles Ph.D.

  2. Donders Institute, for Brainm, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Guillén Fernández Ph.D.

  3. Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR) & Department of Medical Genomics, Vrij University Amsterdam, VUMC W&N building, room-439 De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Danielle Posthuma Ph.D.

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  3. Danielle Posthuma Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Iván Chavarría-Siles Ph.D. .

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  1. School of Social Sciences, Indiana University Southeast, Grant Line Road 4201, New Albany, 47150, Indiana, USA

    Deborah Finkel

  2. University of California at Riverside, Riverside, 92521, California, USA

    Chandra A. Reynolds

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Chavarría-Siles, I., Fernández, G., Posthuma, D. (2014). Brain Imaging and Cognition. In: Finkel, D., Reynolds, C. (eds) Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan. Advances in Behavior Genetics, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7447-0_8

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