Abstract
Chapters 2 and 3 propose a specific model for NGOs to consider when engaged in diplomacy. Steps 1 through 3 in Chap. 2 focus on the pre-negotiation period when proposals for negotiation are considered. Of special attention is the Study Group which designs a diplomatic initiative, and the Decision Memo, a tool for decision makers use to examine the options presented by the Study Team, as well as the risks and potential rewards of success.
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Notes
- 1.
Agenda 21 is “a comprehensive UN plan of action to be taken globally, nationally, and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, governments, and major Groups (including NGOs) in every area in which human impacts on the environment” (DESA 2009).
- 2.
In 2012 one of the emerging gender abuse issues has to do with prejudice against transgender women, a scientific condition that is still poorly understood by many humanitarian professionals.
- 3.
When Roeder went to Albania during the fall of communism, he examined the quality of labor so that proposals could be made to improve the quality of life that did not require jobs to which Albanians could not apply.
- 4.
Although the bill did not pass, the immense momentum that people of faith and other advocates initiated against solitary confinement did pay off. The legislature required the Maine Department of Corrections to review its use of isolation and report its findings. Accordingly, the department prepared a report that listed many recommendations to improve due process and other policies related to the placement of prisoners in solitary confinement. Prompted by those recommendations, the newly appointed department Commissioner, Joseph Ponte, cut the number of prisoners held in solitary confinement by over 70 % in 2011.
- 5.
The diverse coalition of organizations included the NRCAT, the Maine Council of Churches (MCC), the Catholic Diocese of Portland, and other organizations like Maine Civil Liberties Union, the Maine Association of Psychiatric Physicians, Portland NAACP, Maine Prisoner Advocacy Coalition, and the Maine Psychological Association.
- 6.
Some will be tempted to exclude offices that are only tangentially impacted by the subject to be negotiated. Caution is urged. A study group can become unwieldy if too big, but its results might be disrespected by those left out of the discussion. There is no metric here other than the founders of the study group must try for as representative a group as is practical, and before deciding membership, first weigh the potential negatives whenever someone or some organization or office is left out.
- 7.
Wilson was psychological leader, but the negotiations were a summit, each head of state or government sitting as equals.
- 8.
Keynes was the official representative of the British Treasure at the Paris Peace Conference until June 7, 1919, when he resigned believing that terms of the treaty, especially the reparations being demanded of Germany, would lead to the ruin of Europe.
- 9.
This was also the birthplace of the 1900 Boxer Rebellion.
- 10.
The novel Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut is based on the bombing, by the way. He was a survivor of the bombing.
- 11.
The Boxer Protocol of September 7, 1901, was between the Empress Dowager of China and an alliance of nations that had invaded China in part to rescue diplomatic legations in Peking during the Boxer Rebellion. The powers were Austria–Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
- 12.
The Inquiry was formed on September 1917 (Mezes 1921).
- 13.
The British had a similar committee often named after its chairman, Lord Phillimore, but more properly called “The Committee on the League of Nations,” which created the first government formulation on March 20, 1918. There was also a French committee under Leon Bourgeois, which formulated an outline on June 18th. The Italians did not start serious thinking on the postwar period until Armistice.
- 14.
Review and comment on
- 15.
Obviously in a crisis, all steps are speeded up. An example of this is seen in the case study of John Walsh and his Operation Gwamba in 1964, which is described later in this book.
- 16.
Timing is critical in diplomacy. Even if an idea is a great one, if the time is wrong, it won’t happen. The idea of a community of nations collaborating in order to reduce war isn’t new; but if President Wilson hadn’t pushed it during the negotiations for the Treaty of Peace, the organization would not have happened. If President Roosevelt hadn’t advanced the UN when it did, the public zeal would have waned as well.
- 17.
The term TAB is common in the memoranda world and comes from industry where small tags of material are attached to something and contain information about the object. Other people might say Attachment or Tag.
- 18.
We have chosen a fictional tribe and region on purpose.
- 19.
Something to keep in mind is that team members are not perfect; everyone has flaws; but sometimes, you just have to work with specific people. Even presidents have found this to be true, such as Harry Truman who on assuming office had to work with Edward Stettinius, whom Truman inherited from Roosevelt. Truman felt Stettinius wasn’t imaginative and intended to replace him’ but the San Francisco Conference that led to the formation of the United Nations was about to occur, and a quick change wasn’t a good idea, so Stettinius was kept on as head of delegation—with full powers. As it turns out, he was excellent.
- 20.
This was the model used to develop GDIN, the Global Disaster Information Network, a public–private partnership of NGOs, governments, contractors, and universities started by Vice President Gore’s staff.
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Roeder, L.W., Simard, A. (2013). A Practical Model for Diplomacy and Negotiation: Steps 1–3—The Preliminary Stage. In: Diplomacy and Negotiation for Humanitarian NGOs. Humanitarian Solutions in the 21st Century. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7113-4_2
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