Abstract
Two primary goals in diagnosis and management of testicular torsion:
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1.
Preserve the ipsilateral testis, when it remains viable.
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2.
Prevent contralateral torsion.
Secondary goals include the following:
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1.
Avoidance of risk factors for infertility.
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2.
Maintain a normal scrotal appearance.
Evidence for these aims—perinatal torsion:
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Most case series report no ipsilateral testis salvage from neonatal surgery. One reported 2 of 30 explored testes had normal size at follow-up.
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Risk for contralateral postnatal torsion is not well defined, but case series report neonatal ultrasound to be unreliable to exclude vascular compromise.
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Our review found no data regarding fertility or psychologic impact of asymmetric scrotal appearance after perinatal torsion.
Evidence for these aims—torsion in children and teenagers:
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Few objective criteria are described to guide orchiopexy versus orchiectomy, and there is no agreed-upon definition for atrophy after orchiopexy.
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Two retrospective studies that defined atrophy as ≥15 % or >50 % volume loss reported 27 and 13 % occurrence.
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We found one case of simultaneous bilateral torsion, and none of asynchronous torsion, after the neonatal period. Contralateral orchiopexy is done based on potential risks.
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One retrospective review reported recurrent torsion in 4 % of patients after orchiopexy.
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There are few data regarding fertility in men after torsion. Semen analyses most often are normal, with oligospermia in 0–35 %. Antisperm antibodies reported in three studies were positive in only 2/80 patients.
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Our review found no article regarding psychologic impact of orchiectomy or testicular atrophy after orchiopexy for torsion.
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Snodgrass, W.T., Baker, L.A., Bush, N.C. (2013). Testicular Torsion. In: Snodgrass, W. (eds) Pediatric Urology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6910-0_7
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