Abstract
The incidence of esophageal atresia is 1 in 3,000 live births. Most occurs as part of a tracheoesophageal fistula, but esophageal atresia may also occur in isolation. It arises early in embryologic development and is thought to result from an abnormal interaction of mesodermal ridges and foregut, with failure of normal separation of foregut into trachea and esophagus. Esophageal atresia is frequently associated with other malformations, including midline defects (50 %) and cardiac anomalies (30 %).
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Gilbert-Barness, E., Spicer, D.E., Steffensen, T.S. (2014). Gastrointestinal (GI) System. In: Handbook of Pediatric Autopsy Pathology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6711-3_10
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