Skip to main content

Consultation in Public School Settings

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Crisis Intervention and Developmental Disabilities

Part of the book series: Issues in Clinical Child Psychology ((ICCP))

Abstract

Educational mandates that attempt to advance the equity and quality of services to individuals with disabilities have facilitated consultation as a stand-alone service available to educators in public schools. Behavioral consultation that relies on the principles of behavior analysis is one of the most common approaches to consultation and has been shown to produce positive outcomes in both case studies and experimental investigations. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the features of public school behavioral consultation and the assessment and intervention activities commonly addressed during consultation. This chapter concludes with a discussion of decisions concerning the transition of a student in crisis to a more restrictive service-delivery model.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Asmus, J. M., Vollmer, T. R., & Borrero, J. C. (2002). Functional behavioral assessment: A school based model. Education and Treatment of Children, 25, 67–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Association for Behavior Analysis International. (2010). Statement on restraint and seclusion. http://www.abainternational.org/aba/statements/restraintseclusion.asp.

  • Bijou, S. W., Peterson, R. F., & Ault, M. H. (1968). A method to integrate descriptive and experimental field studies at the level of data and empirical concepts. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2, 175–191. doi:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blankenship, C. S. (1985). Using curriculum-based assessment data to make instructional management decisions. Exceptional Children, 42, 233–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohn, C. M., Roehrig, A. D., & Pressley, M. (2004). The first days of school in the classrooms of two more effective and four less effective primary-grades teachers. The Elementary School Journal, 104, 269–287. doi:10.1086/499753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bregman, J. D., Zager, D., & Gerdtz, J. (2005). Behavioral interventions. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (Assessment, interventions, and policy, Vol. 2, pp. 897–924). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, M. K., & Wagner, D. (2008). Determining an effective intervention within a brief experimental analysis for reading: A meta-analytic review. School Psychology Review, 37, 126–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, L. R., & Luiselli, J. K. (2007). Escape-maintained problem behavior in a child with autism: Antecedent functional analysis and intervention evaluation of noncontingent escape and instructional fading. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 9, 195–202. doi:10.1177/10983007070090040201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cannella, H., O’Reilly, M., & Lancioni, G. (2005). Choice and preference research with people with severe to profound developmental disabilities: A review of the literature. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26, 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2004.01.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, E. G., Dunlap, G., Horner, R. H., Koegel, R. L., Turnbull, A., Sailor, W., et al. (2002). Positive behavior support: Evolution of an applied science. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 4, 4–16. doi:10.1177/109830070200400102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catania, A. C. (2007). Learning (4th (Interimth ed.). New York: Sloan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cote, C. A., Thompson, R. H., & McKerchar, P. M. (2005). The effects of antecedent interventions and extinction on toddlers’ compliance during transitions. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 38, 235–238. doi:10.1901/jaba.2005.143-04.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Zurilla, T. J., & Goldfried, M. R. (1971). Problem solving and behavior modification. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 78, 107–126. doi:10.1037/h0031360.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daly, E. J., III, Witt, J. C., Martens, B. K., & Dool, E. J. (1997). A model of conducting a functional analysis of academic performance problems. School Psychology Review, 26(4), 554–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darch, C., & Gersten, R. (1985). The effects of teacher presentation rate and praise on LD students’ oral reading performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 55, 295–303. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1985.tb02635.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Zubicaray, G., & Clair, A. (1998). An evaluation of differential reinforcement of other behavior, differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior, and restitution for the management of aggressive behavior. Behavioral Interventions, 13, 157–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deno, S. L., & Mirkin, P. K. (1977). Data-based program modification: A manual. Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, S. M., & Repp, A. C. (1973). Decreasing classroom misbehavior through the use of DRL schedules of reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6(3), 457–463. doi:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-457.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiGennaro, F. D., Martens, B. K., & Kleinmann, A. E. (2007). A comparison of performance feedback procedures on teachers’ treatment implementation integrity and students’ inappropriate behavior in special education classrooms. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40, 447–461. doi:10.1901/jaba.2007.40-447.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiGennaro, F. D., Martens, B. K., & McIntyre, L. L. (2005). Increasing treatment integrity through negative reinforcement: Effects on teacher and student behavior. School Psychology Review, 34, 220–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durand, V. M., & Carr, E. G. (1991). Functional communication training to reduce challenging behavior: Maintenance and application in new settings. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(2), 251–264. doi:10.1901/jaba.1991.24-251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durand, V. M., & Crimmins, D. B. (1988). Identifying the variables maintaining self-injurious behavior. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 99–117. doi:10.1007/BF02211821.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • English, C. L., & Anderson, C. M. (2006). Evaluation of the treatment utility of the analog functional analysis and the structured descriptive assessment. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 8, 212–229. doi:10.1177/10983007060080040401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erchul, W. P. (1999). Two steps forward, one step back: Collaboration in school-based consultation. Journal of School Psychology, 37(2), 191–203. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(99)00004-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erchul, W. P. (2011). School consultation and response to intervention: A tale of two literatures. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 21, 191–208. doi:10.1080/10474412.2011.595198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erchul, W. P., & Martens, B. K. (2010). School consultation: Conceptual and empirical bases of practice (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5747-4.

  • Fuchs, D., & Fuchs, L. S. (2005). Responsiveness-to-Intervention: A blueprint for practitioners, policymakers, and parents. Exceptional Children, 38 57–61. Retrieved from http://www.advocacyinstitute.org/resources/TEC_RtIblueprint.pdf.

  • Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. S., & Bahr, M. W. (1990). Mainstream assistance teams: A scientific basis for the art of consultations. Exceptional Children, 57, 128–139.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graden, J. L., Casey, A., & Bonstrom, O. (1985). Implementing a prereferral intervention system: Part I. The data. Exceptional Children, 51, 487–496.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gresham, F. M. (1979). Comparison of response cost and timeout in a special education setting. Journal of Special Education, 13, 199–208. doi:10.1177/002246697901300211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gresham, F. M. (1989). Assessment of treatment integrity in school consultation and prereferral intervention. School Psychology Review, 18, 37–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutkin, T. B. (1986). Consultee’s perceptions of variables relating to the outcomes of school-based consultation interactions. School Psychology Review, 15(3), 375–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutkin, T. B., Henning-Stout, M., & Piersel, W. C. (1988). Impact of district-wide behavioral consultation prereferral intervention service on patterns of school psychological service delivery. Professional School Psychology, 3(4), 301–308. doi:10.1037/h0090568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haley, J. L., Heick, P. F., & Luiselli, J. K. (2010). Use of an antecedent intervention to decrease vocal stereotypy of a student with autism in a general education classroom. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 32, 311–321. doi:10.1080/07317107.2010.515527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, J., Wacker, D. P., Cooper, L. J., Millard, T., & Jensen-Kovalan, P. (1994). Brief hierarchical assessment of potential treatment components with children in an outpatient clinic. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(2), 291–300. doi:10.1901/jaba.1994.27-291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoover, J. J., Baca, L., Wexler-Love, E., & Saenz, L. (2008). National Implementation of Response to Intervention: Research Summary. Retrieved July 14, 2012 from http://www.nasdse.org/Portals/0/NationalImplementation of RTI-ResearchSummary.pdf.

  • Howell, K. W., & Nolet, V. (1999). Curriculum-based evaluation: Teaching and decision-making (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, H.R. 1350, 108th Congress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, K., Lewis-Palmer, T., & Sugai, G. (2005). Function-based intervention planning: Comparing the effectiveness or FBA function-based and non-function-based intervention plans. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 7, 224–236. doi:10.1177/10983007050070040401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, B. A., Dorsey, M. F., Slifer, K. J., Bauman, K. E., & Richman, G. S. (1994). Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 197–209. doi:10.1901/jaba.1994.27-197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, B. A., Pace, G. M., Kalsher, M. J., Edwards Cowdery, G., & Cataldo, M. F. (1990). Experimental analysis and extinction of self-injurious escape behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, 11–27. doi:10.1901/jaba.1990.23-11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T. C., Stoner, G., & Green, S. K. (1996). Demonstrating the experimenting society model with classwide behavior management interventions. School Psychology Review, 25, 199–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kern, L., & Clemens, N. H. (2007). Antecedent strategies to promote appropriate classroom behavior. Psychology in the Schools, 44, 65–75. doi:10.1002/pits.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kern, L., Gallagher, P., Starosta, K., Hickman, W., & George, M. L. (2006). Longitudinal outcomes of functional behavioral assessment-based intervention. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 8, 67–78. doi:10.1177/10983007060080020501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kratochwill, T. R., & Bergan, J. R. (1978). Training school psychologists: Some perspectives on a competency-based behavioral consultation model. Professional Psychology, 9, 71–82. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.9.1.71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kratochwill, T. R., & Bergan, J. R. (1990). Behavioral consultation in applied settings: An individual guide. New York, NY: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanovaz, M. J., & Sladeczek, I. E. (2011). Vocal stereotypy in children with autism: Structural characteristics, variability, and effects of auditory stimulation. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 1159–1168. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.01.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lentz, F. E., Jr. (1988). Effective reading interventions in the regular classroom. In J. L. Graden, J. E. Zins, & M. L. Curtis (Eds.), Alternative educational delivery systems: Enhancing instructional options for all students (pp. 351–370). Washington, DC: National Association of School Psychologists.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luiselli, J. K. (2002). Focus, scope, and practice of behavioral consultation to public schools. In J. K. Luiselli & C. Diament (Eds.), Behavioral psychology in the schools: Innovations in evaluation, support, and consultation (pp. 5–21). New York: The Haworth press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luiselli, J. K., & Diament, C. (Eds.). (2002). Behavior psychology in the schools: Innovations in evaluation, support, and consultation. West Hazleton, PA: The Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luiselli, J. K., Reed, D. D., & Martens, B. K. (2010). Academic problems. In M. Hersen & J. C. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Psychology Competencies (pp. 1685–1706). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, I. R., Jones, K. M., Somers, C. L., & Havey, J. M. (2001). An evaluation of the effectiveness of school-based behavioral consultation. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 12(3), 203–216. doi:10.1207/S1532768XJEPC1203_02.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • March, R. E., & Horner, R. H. (2002). Feasibility and contributions of functional behavioral assessment in schools. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10, 158–170. doi:10.1177/10634266020100030401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martens, B. K., & DiGennaro, F. D. (2008). Behavioral consultation. In W. P. Erchul & S. M. Sheridan (Eds.), Handbook of research in school consultation: Empirical foundations for the field (pp. 147–170). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martens, B. K., Eckert, T. L., Bradley, T. A., & Ardoin, S. P. (1999). Identifying effective treatments from a brief experimental analysis: Using single-case design elements to aid decision making. School Psychology Quarterly, 14, 163–181. doi:10.1037/h0089003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martens, B. K., Erchul, W. P., & Witt, J. C. (1992). Quantifying verbal interactions in school-based consultation: A comparison of four coding schemes. School Psychology Review, 21(1), 109–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martens, B. K., & Gertz, L. E. (2009). Brief experimental analysis: A decision tool for bridging the gap between research and practice. Journal of Behavioral Education, 18, 92–99. doi:10.1007/s10864-009-9079-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martens, B. K., Witt, J. C., Daly, E. J., III, & Vollmer, T. R. (1999). Behavior analysis: Theory and practice in educational settings. In C. R. Reynolds & T. B. Gutkin (Eds.), The handbook of school psychology (pp. 638–663). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matheson, A. S., & Shriver, M. D. (2005). Training teachers to give effective commands: Effects on student compliance and academic behaviors. School Psychology Review, 34, 202–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDougal, J. L., Clonan, M., & Martens, B. K. (2000). Using organizational change procedures to promote the acceptability of prereferral intervention services: The school-based intervention team project. School Psychology Quarterly, 15(2), 149–171. doi:10.1037/h0088783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, K., Brown, J. A., & Borgmeier, C. J. (2008). Validity of functional behavior assessment within a response to intervention framework: Evidence, recommended practice, and future directions. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 34, 6–14. doi:10.1177/1534508408314096.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medway, F. J. (1982). School consultation research: Past trends and future directions. Professional Psychology, 13, 422–430. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.13.3.422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michaels, C. A., Brown, F., & Mirabella, N. (2005). Personal paradigm shifts in PBS experts: Perceptions of treatment acceptability of decelerative consequence-based behavioral procedures. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 7, 93–108. doi:10.1177/10983007050070020101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mortenson, B. P., & Witt, J. C. (1998). The use of weekly performance feedback to increase teaching implementation of a prereferral academic intervention. School Psychology Review, 27, 613–627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noell, G. H., Duhon, G. J., Gatti, S. L., & Connell, J. E. (2002). Consultation, follow-up, and implementation of behavior management interventions in general education. School Psychology Review, 31, 217–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly, M., Fragale, C., Gainey, S., Kang, S., Koch, H., Shubert, J., et al. (2012). Examination of an antecedent intervention to reduce tangibly maintained challenging behavior: A controlled analog analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 1462–1468. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.03.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly, M., Sigafoos, J., Lancioni, G., Edrisinha, C., & Andrews, A. (2005). An examination of the effects of classroom activity schedule on levels of self-injury and engagement for a child with severe autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 305–311. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-3294-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petscher, E. S., Rey, C., & Bailey, J. S. (2009). A review of empirical support for differential reinforcement of alternative behavior. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 409–425. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2008.08.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pitasky, V. M. (2002). The answer book on placement under the IDEA and Section 504. Horsham, PA: LRP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. F., Handler, M. W., Rey, J., & McCarty, J. (2005). The development of behaviorally based public school consultation services. Behavior Modification, 29, 521–537. doi:10.1177/0145445504273286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reeve, C. E., & Carr, E. G. (2000). Prevention of severe behavior problems in children with developmental disorders. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 2, 144–160. doi:10.1177/109830070000200303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfield, P. L. (1992). The potential of trans-disciplinary research for sustaining and extending linkages between the health and social sciences. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 35(11), 1343–1357. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(92)90038-R DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536  %2892 %2990038-R.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, E. S. (1990). An integrated model for curriculum-based assessment. School Psychology Review, 19, 331–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, E. S. (2004). Academic skills problems: Direct assessment and intervention. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan, S. M., Welch, M., & Orme, S. F. (1996). Is consultation effective? A review of outcome research. Remedial and Special Education, 17, 341–354. doi:10.1177/074193259601700605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shriver, M. D., & Watson, T. S. (1999). A survey of behavior analysis and behavioral consultation courses in school psychology: Implications for training school psychologists. Journal of Behavioral Education, 9, 211–221. doi:10.1023/A:1022139615601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, R. L., & Gagnon, E. (1999). Structuring and management strategies for children and youths with autism. In D. Zager (Ed.), Autism: identification, education, and treatment (pp. 175–197). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R. H., Iwata, B. A., Hanley, G. P., Dozier, C. L., & Samaha, A. L. (2003). The effects of extinction, noncontingent reinforcement, and differential reinforcement of other behavior as control procedures. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36(2), 221–238. doi:10.1901/jaba.2003.36-221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Oorsouw, W. M. W. J., Embregts, P. J. C. M., Bosman, A. M. T., & Jahoda, A. (2009). Training staff serving clients with intellectual disabilities: A meta-analysis of aspects determining effectiveness. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 503–511. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2008.07.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vollmer, T. R., & Northup, J. (1996). Some implications of functional analysis for school psychology. School Psychology Quarterly, 11, 76–92. doi:10.1037/h0088922.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wickstrom, K. F., Jones, K. M., LaFleur, L. H., & Witt, J. C. (1998). An analysis of treatment integrity in school-based behavioral consultation 1. School Psychology Quarterly, 13(2), 141–154. doi:10.1037/h0088978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilder, D. A., Atwell, J., & Wine, B. (2006). The effects of varying levels of treatment integrity on child compliance during treatment with a three-step prompting procedure. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 39, 369–373. doi:10.1901/jaba.2006.144-05.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilder, D. A., Zonneveld, K., Harris, C., Marcus, A., & Reagan, R. (2007). Further analysis of antecedent interventions on preschoolers’ compliance. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40, 535–539. doi:10.1901/jaba.2007.40-535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeaton, W. H., & Sechrest, L. (1981). Critical dimensions in the choice and maintenance of successful treatments: Strength, integrity, and effectiveness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 156–167. doi:10.1037/10109-050.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yell, M. L., & Drasgow, E. (2007). Assessment for eligibility under IDEIA and the 2006 regulations. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 32, 202–213. doi:10.1177/15345084070320040201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Florence D. DiGennaro Reed .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

DiGennaro Reed, F.D., Jenkins, S.R. (2013). Consultation in Public School Settings. In: Reed, D., DiGennaro Reed, F., Luiselli, J. (eds) Handbook of Crisis Intervention and Developmental Disabilities. Issues in Clinical Child Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6531-7_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics