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Solid–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficients in an Ultrasound-Irradiated Extraction of Iota-Carrageenan

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Developments in Sustainable Chemical and Bioprocess Technology

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Abstract

A 20-kHz intensity ultrasound was used in the extraction of iota-carrageenan from Eucheuma denticulatum seaweed by using water as solvent. In a simplified extraction procedure, the seaweed particle size of 0.7125E-03 m, 1.2E-03 m, and 1.7E-03 m diameter were studied at different ultrasonic amplitude levels, ranging from 2.08E-06 to 6.4E-06 m and the temperatures from 30 to 60 °C. The maximum iota-carrageenan yield obtained was 57.2 %. This study suggested that ultrasound intensity employed reduced the extraction time required and improved the yield of iota-carrageenan by 6 %. The particle diameter variation during the extraction was found to be a linear equation. The solid–liquid mass transfer coefficient was correlated for ultrasound extraction of iota-carrageenan in terms of operating conditions employed in this investigation as

$$ k_{L} = 0.0027 A^{0.866} D_{p}^{ - 0.533} \left( T \right)^{0.133} $$

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Abbreviations

A:

Amplitude (m)

A:

Interfacial area (m2)

CA :

Concentration (kg/m3)

C *A :

Equilibrium concentration (kg/m3)

Dp :

Diameter of the particle (m)

F:

Frequency (Hz)

I:

Sound wave intensity (W/m2)

kL :

Solid–liquid mass transfer coefficient (m/s)

p:

Constant Eq. (8)

q:

Constant Eq. (8)

T:

Temperature (oC)

t:

Time (s)

V:

Volume of the extractor (m3)

ρ:

Density of liquid (kg/m3)

ω:

Angular frequency (rad/s)

α, β, ψ, φ, δ, γ:

Constants

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank University Malaysia Sabah for supporting this work with a scholarship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Engineering and Information Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA

    D. Krishnaiah, R. Sarbatly, A. Bono & S. M. Anisuzzaman

  2. Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India

    K. Krishnaiah

  3. Faculty of Chemical and Natural resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia

    D. M. R. Prasad

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  1. D. Krishnaiah
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  2. D. M. R. Prasad
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  4. A. Bono
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  6. K. Krishnaiah
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Correspondence to D. Krishnaiah .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University Malaysia Sabah, Kota kinabalu, Malaysia

    Ravindra Pogaku

  2. University Malaysia Sabah, Kota kinabalu, Malaysia

    Awang Bono

  3. University Malaysia Sabah, Kota kinabalu, Malaysia

    Christopher Chu

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Krishnaiah, D., Prasad, D.M.R., Sarbatly, R., Bono, A., Anisuzzaman, S.M., Krishnaiah, K. (2013). Solid–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficients in an Ultrasound-Irradiated Extraction of Iota-Carrageenan. In: Pogaku, R., Bono, A., Chu, C. (eds) Developments in Sustainable Chemical and Bioprocess Technology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6208-8_31

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