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Consequences of Developmental Stress in Humans: Prenatal Stress

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Adaptive and Maladaptive Aspects of Developmental Stress

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Neurotoxicity ((Current Topics Neurotoxicity,volume 3))

Abstract

Stress is a phenomenon which can occur throughout the entire life span. There is ample evidence of prenatal programming, i.e., in utero experiences may have long-term consequences for the unborn child. In this chapter, human studies are reviewed regarding the impact of various sources of prenatal stress on various outcomes in infants. Recent findings suggest that prenatal stress is predominately associated with maladaptive consequences, such as negative birth outcomes, altered physiological stress responses, behavior problems, and impaired cognitive and motor development. There is some evidence for genetic predisposition and stress-buffering factors which protect the unborn child from negative effects of prenatal stress. A psychobiological stress model is proposed to integrate the findings.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Gutenbergstrasse 18, Marburg, 35032, Germany

    Nadine Skoluda & Urs M. Nater Ph.D.

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  1. Nadine Skoluda
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  2. Urs M. Nater Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Urs M. Nater Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 Viale Regina Elena, Rome, 00161, Italy

    Giovanni Laviola

  2. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 Viale Regina Elena, Rome, 00161, Italy

    Simone Macrì

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Skoluda, N., Nater, U.M. (2013). Consequences of Developmental Stress in Humans: Prenatal Stress. In: Laviola, G., Macrì, S. (eds) Adaptive and Maladaptive Aspects of Developmental Stress. Current Topics in Neurotoxicity, vol 3. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5605-6_6

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