Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of LeT from their creation to the end of 2011. It describes the goals of the group, other groups in their ecosystem, the types of attacks they have carried out, the internal dynamics of the group, and the relations they have with the Pakistani military and civilian government. It also includes brief profiles of selected LeT leaders.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Throughout this book, we use the term “Jammu and Kashmir” to refer to that part of Kashmir administered by India. Likewise, Pakistan-administered Kashmir (or Azad Kashmir) is used to refer to that part of Kashmir currently controlled by Pakistan.
- 2.
A short article describes the emergence of the Pakistani terrorist group Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) from other groups and how these groups changed their names after one version of the group achieved sufficient notoriety to be classified as a terrorist group by the United States—http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/jaish_e_mohammad_mujahideen_e_tanzeem.htm.
The shifting of names and use of front groups is common behavior for terrorist groups. Black September, the Palestinian terrorist group that carried out a number of high-profile attacks in the 1970s, most famously the attack on the Munich Olympics in 1972, was established by Fatah’s intelligence unit but did not make public statements in order to avoid tarnishing Fatah’s international image. (Karmon 2000).
- 3.
Although the Indian government held both LeT and JeM responsible for the Parliament attack, the operatives convicted in Indian courts for their role in this attack were all members of JeM. It is possible that individuals affiliated with LeT were involved, but concrete proof has not been advanced in the open source (Tankel 2011a, b).
- 4.
The story of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and the alliance between the United States, Pakistan, and the Afghan resistance has been told in many places, including from a Pakistani perspective (Youssef and Adkin 1992).
- 5.
This statement was not unique; in his 1999 interview with Jessica Stern, Saeed stated that the Sunni-Shia conflict was not important.
- 6.
Rana reported that before January 13, 2002 (when JuD was banned in Pakistan for LeT’s role in the attack on India’s parliament) there were 1150 LeT/JuD offices in Pakistan. After the ban 116 offices continued to function. Other reports state that there are over 2000 LeT/JuD offices throughout Pakistan. See Rana, A to Z of Jihadi Organizations.
- 7.
From 2001–2007 the Pakistani rupees was generally valued at about 60 to a US dollar so conversions are made at that rate. Public details about LeT financing are unlikely to be accurate, the purpose is to provide a glimpse into the scale and nature of LeT operations.
- 8.
Fedayeen attacks are attacks in which the attackers expect to die, but unlike a suicide bombing, they do not die by their own hand but instead are killed in the fighting.
- 9.
For one account of the rule of the Hindu dogras (see Schofield 1996 pages 49–117) which includes multiple accounts of British officials calling for the rulers of Jammu and Kashmir to institute reforms and foster development.
- 10.
(Government of India 2008) Page 3 of the report describes the retrieval of GPS instruments and a Thuraya satellite phone. Page 12 of the same report describes the use of VoIP technology by the terrorists.
References
Abbas, A. (2002, January). In god we trust. The Herald.
Abbas, H. (2005). Pakistan’s drift into extremism: Allah, the army, and America’s war on terror. London: M.E Sharpe.
Abou Zahab, M., & Roy, O. (2004). Islamist networks: The Afghan-Pakistan connection. New York: Columbia University Press.
Abou Zahab, M. (2007). ‘I shall be waiting for you at the door of paradise:’ The Pakistani Martyrs of the Lashkar-e Taiba. In A. Rao, M. Bollig, & M. Bock (Eds.), The practice of war: Production, reproduction and communication of armed violence (pp. 117–126). New York: Berghahn Books.
Ahmad, T. (2012). Pakistani Jihadist Organization Jamaatud Dawa/Lashker-e-Taiba (LeT) Reappears on Internet, Promotes Antisemitism and Jihad, Leads Mass Protests Against American and India. Inquiry & Analysis Report, No. 791, Middle East Media Research Institute, February 2, 2012 from http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/6051.htm#_edn1
Al-Jazeera. (2010). Jammat chief rejects Indian charges. February 10, 2010. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/02/201021785121810598.html
Amir, R. (2003). Living with the faithful—a neighborhood choice. Daily Times, September 22, 2003. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_22-9-2003_pg7_9
ANImultimedia. (2011). Hafiz threatens to retaliate if India continues ‘unprovoked firing. Uploaded by ANImultimedia. May 16, 2011. http://youtube/WnPipVa0600
Associated Press. (2004). Two ‘Paintball’ Terrorists Sentenced. April 9, 2004.
Associated Press. (2009). Former US university student convicted of terror charge. June 10, 2009.
Azzam Publications. (2001). Warning regarding British Muslims going for Jihad in Afghanistan. November 2001. http://www.azzam.com/afghan/html/afghanarticlebritishmuslims.htm
BBC News. (2007). Australia terror plotter’ jailed. March 15, 2007.
BBC News. (2010). Pakistan ‘gave funds’ to group on UN terror blacklist. June 16, 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10334914
Bearak, B. (2000a). A Kashmiri mystery. New York Times Magazine, December 31, 2000. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/31/magazine/a-kashmiri-mystery.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm
Bearak, B. (2000b). Gunmen Kill 3 at Garrison in New Delhi’s Center. New York Times, December 23, 2000.
Bearak, B. (2000c). Lahore journal; A Jihad leader finds the U.S. Perplexingly Fickle. The New York Times, October 10, 2000.
Bergen, P. (2001). Holy War Inc.: Inside the secret world of Osama Bin-Laden. Free Press, New York.
Brenner, J. (2011). America the vulnerable. New York: The Penguin Press.
Bright, A. (2008). Pakistani organization accused of links to Mumbai attacks holds open house. Christian Science Monitor, December 5, 2008.
Brulliard, K. (2010). Afghan intelligence ties Pakistani group Lashkar-i-Taiba to Recent Kabul Attack. Washington Post, March 3, 2010.
Chalk, P., & Fair, C. C. (2002, October 17). Lashkar-e-Tayyiba leads the Kashmiri insurgency. Jane’s Intelligence Review, 14(10), 1–5.
Clarke, R. (2010). Lashkari-Taiba: The fallacy of subservient proxies and the future of Islamist terrorism in India. Strategic Studies Institute, March 2010 http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub973.pdf
Cohen, S. P. (2004). The idea of Pakistan. Brookings, Washington, DC.
Coll, S. (2004). Ghost Wars: The secret history of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. New York: Penguin Press.
Curtis, L. (2011). Moving past Mohali: What next for India and Pakistan? Foreign Policy, March 31, 2011 http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2011/03/moving-past-mohali-what-next-for-india-and-pakistan
Dalrymple, W. (1993). City of Djinns: A year in Delhi. New York: HarperCollins.
Emerson, S. (2002). American Jihad: The terrorists living among US. New York: The Free Press.
ExpressIndia.com. (2010). Siege ends at Lal Chowk; 2 militants gunned down. January 7, 2010. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Siege-ends-at-Lal-Chowk-2-militants-gunned-down/564467/
Fair, C. C. (2007). Militant recruitment in Pakistan: A New Look at the Militancy-Madrasah connection. Asia Policy 4, 107–134.
Fair, C. C. (2009a). Antecedents and implications of the November 2008 Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) attack upon several targets in the Indian Mega-City of Mumbai. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, March 11, 2009. http://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CT320/
Fair, C. C. (2009b). Militant recruitment in Pakistan: Implications for al-Qaeda and other organizations. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 27, 489–504.
Fair, C. C. (2010). Students Islamic movement of India and the Indian Mujihideen: An assessment. Asia Policy 9 (January 2010). http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=414
Fair, C. C. (2011). Lashkar-e-Taiba beyond Bin Laden: Enduring challenges for the region and the international community. Testimony prepared for the U.S. Senate, Foreign Relations Committee, May 24, 2011. http://home.comcast.net/~christine_fair/pubs/Fair_CT_May_24_2011.pdf
Fisk, R. (2010). Face to face with Pakistan’s most wanted. The Independent, March 26, 2010. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/face-to-face-with-pakistanrsquos-most-wanted-1928001.html
Ganguly, M. (2001). A banking system built for terrorism. Time, October 5, 2001. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0.8599,178227,00.html
Ganguly, S. (1997). The crisis in Kashmir: Portents of war. Signs of Peace: Cambridge University Press and the Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Cambridge.
Gill, K. (1997). Punjab: The knights of falsehood. Har Anand Publications, India http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/index.html
Government of India. (2008). Mumbai terrorist attacks: Dossier of evidence. The Hindu: Online Edition of India’s National Newspaper. http://www.hindu.com/nic/dossier.htm
Government of Pakistan. (2011). Council of Islamic ideology. http://www.cii.gov.pk/
Government of Pakistan. (nd). President of Pakistan, general Muhammad Zia ul-Haq-Interview to Foreign Media, Vol. II. Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.
Habibullah, W. (2008). My Kashmir: Conflicts and the prospects of enduring Peace. U.S. Institute of Peace Press, Washington, DC.
Harrison, S. (2002). Corruption and extremism in Pakistan: Why Musharraf clings to power. New York Times, May 10, 2002.
Haqqani, H. (2005). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC.
Indian Express. (1999). The Fidayen—faithful to the death. November 12, 1999. http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19991112/ige12049.html
International Crisis Group. (2003a). Kashmir: Learning from the past. International Crisis Group Asia Report no. 70. December 4, 2003. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/kashmir/070_kashmir_learning_from_the_past.pdf
International Crisis Group. (2003b). Pakistan: The Mullahs and the Military. International Crisis Group Asia Report no. 49. March 20, 2003. http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/south-asia/pakistan/049-pakistan-the-mullahs-and-the-military.aspx
International Crisis Group. (2005). The State of Sectarianism in Pakistan. International Crisis Group Asia Report no. 95. April 18, 2005. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/pakistan/095_the_state_of_sectarianism_in_pakistan.pdf
Investigative Project on Terrorism. (2008). Abdullah Azzam profile. July 9, 2008. http://www.investigativeproject.org/profile/103
Jamal, A. (2002). From Madrasa to School. News, December 15, 2002.
Jamwal, N. S. (2003). Terrorists’ Modus Operandi in Jammu and Kashmir. Strategic Analysis 27(3), 382–403.
Jane’s Islamic Affairs Analyst. (2009). Deobandi groups and Ahl-e-Hadith. May 21, 2009.
Jane’s Terrorism and Security Monitor. (2008). Surge of the Insurgents. September 5, 2008.
John, W. (2011) Caliphate’s Soldiers: The Lashkar-e-Tayyeba’s Long War, Amaryllis and the Observer Research Foundation.
Joseph, J. (2002). Terrorists had entered temple, ready for long haul. Rediff on the Net, Rediff.com. September 26, 2002. http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/25guj22.htm
Jost, P.M., & Sandhu, H.S. (2000, January). The hawala alternative remittance system and its role in money laundering. http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/terrorist-illicit-finance/Documents/FinCEN-Hawala-rpt.pdf
Kalhana’s Rajatarangini. (1900). Chronicle of Kings of Kasmir. (M. A. Stein, Trans.). London: Elibron Classics
Karmon, E. (2000). Fatah and the popular front for the liberation of Palestine: International Terrorism Strategies (1968–1990). Herzliya, Israel: International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, November 25, 2000. http://212.150.54.123/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=145
Kashmir Herald (2002). Hafiz Mohammed Saeed: Pakistan’s heart of terror. July 2002.
King, G. (2004). The most dangerous man in the world: Dawood Ibrahim. New York: Chamberlain Bros.
Khan, A. (1970). Raider in Kashmir. Islamabad: National Book Foundation.
Kohlmann, E. (2000). Regina v. Mohammed Ajmal Khan, Palvinder Singh, and Frzana Khan. March 11, 2000. http://web.archive.org/web/20000311154008/http://www.dawacenter.com/introduction/introduction.html
Kohlmann, E. (2006). Expert witness: Synopsis of testimony. Regina v. Mohammed Ajmal Khan, Palvinder Singh, and Frzana Khan, Exhibit EK/1.” Source: Snakes brook Crown Court, United Kingdom http://nefafoundation.org//file/ekletwitnessreport.pdf
Laskar, R. (2011). Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi secretly communicating with LeT cadres from prison. Press Trust of India, October 25, 2011. http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_zakiur-rehman-lakhvi-secretly-communicating-with-let-cadres-from-prison_1603242
MEMRI Blog. (2010a). In Friday Sermon, Lashkar-e-Taiba Founder Calls for Promulgating Shari’a. Roznama Express, April 10, 2010. http://www.thememriblog.org/blog_personal/en/26224.htm
MEMRI Blog. (2010b). Lashkar-e-Taiba Founder: Internal conflicts in Muslim Nations have damaged Islamic Ummah. Roznama Express, July 6, 2010. http://www.thememriblog.org/blog_personal/en/28321.htm
MEMRI Blog. (2010c). Lashkar-e-Taiba’s Charity Arm Jamaatud Dawa Attacks ‘Jewish Company Gillette,’ Religious Groups Force Gillette to Abandon Beard-Shaving Program In Karachi. April 1, 2010. http://www.thememriblog.org/blog_personal/en/26044.htm
Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs. (2012). http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=306
Mir, A. (2008a). JuD’s Saeed distances himself from Lakhvi. Daily News & Analysis, December 21, 2008. http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_juds-saeed-distances-himself-from-lakhvi_1215692
Mir, A. (2008b). Lashkar denies involvement in Mumbai carnage. ME Transparent, November 29, 2008. http://www.metransparent.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=4914&lang=en
Mir, A. (2009a). JamaatulDaawa spokesman impersonates as Lashkar-e-Taiba spokesman. ME. Transparent, January 4, 2009 http://www.metransparent.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=5134&lang=en
Mir, A. (2009b). The gates are open. Outlook India, January 19, 2009. http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?239500
Nawaz, S. (2010). Congressional Testimony on Islamist Militancy in Pakistan. Washington: Atlantic Council March 11, 2010. http://acus.org/news/shuja-nawaz-congressional-testimony-islamist-militancy-pakistan
News. (2003). August 10.
Page, J. (2008). A monster out of control: Pakistan secret agents tell of militant links. The Times of London, December 22, 2008.
Pakistan Media Watch. (2010). Newspaper accepts paid advertisements from banned groups. September 7, 2010. http://pakistanmediawatch.com/2010/09/07/newspaper-accepts-paid-advertisements-from-banned-groups/
Pakistani Leaders Online. (2011). Prof. Hafiz Muhammed Saeed. http://www.pakistanileaders.com.pk/profile/Hafiz_Muhammad_Saeed
Parashar, S. (2012). Hafiz Saeed’s brother-in-law Abdul Rehman Makki is a conduit between Lashkar-e-Taiba and Taliban. Times of India, April 5, 2012. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Hafiz-Saeeds-brother-in-law-Abdul-Rehman-Makki-is-a-conduit-between-Lashkar-e-Taiba-and-Taliban/articleshow/12539443.cms
Post, T., & Brand, J. (1992). Help from the Holy Warriors. Newsweek, October 5, 1992.
Press Trust of India. (2010a). Akshardham attack: Gujarat HC upholds death for 3. Gujarat, June 2, 2010. http://zeenews.india.com/news/gujarat/akshardham-attack-gujarat-hc-upholds-death-for-3_630632.html
Press Trust of India. (2010b). JuD holds anti-India jehadi rally in Pakistani Kashmir. New Delhi/Srinagar, February 04, 2010. http://www.hindustantimes.com/JuD-holds-anti-India-jehadi-rally-in-Pakistani-Kashmir/H1-Article1-505117.aspx
Rajmohan, P. G. (2006, January). Terrorist attack in Bangalore: A profile. Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies Special Report 10. http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/484403525IPCS-Special-Report-10.pdf
Raman, B. (1998). Markaz Dawa al Irshad: Talibanisation of Nuclear Pakistan. South Asian Analysis Group, July 26, 1998. http://www.saag.org/common/uploaded_files/paper6.html
Raman, B. (2000). Lashkar-e-Toiba: Its past, present and future. South Asia Analysis Group, Paper No. 175, December 25, 2000.
Rana, A. (2002). Jihad Kashmir-wa-Afghanistan. Lahore: Mashal Books.
Rana, A. (2004). Jamaatud Dawa splits. Daily Times, July 18, 2004 http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_18-7-2004_pg7_20
Rana, M. A. (2006). A to Z of Jihadi Organizations in Pakistan. (S. Ansan, Trans.). Pakistan: Mashal Books http://www.desistore.com/jehadiorg.html
Rana, A. R. (2008, October–December) Jihadi Print media in Pakistan: An overview. Conflict and Peace Studies, 1(1).
Rediff.com. (1999) The encounter is still continuing. November 3, 1999 http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/nov/03kash.htm
Rotella, S. (2011a). Pakistan’s terror connections, Chicago terrorism trial what we learned and what we didn’t, about Pakistan’s terror connections. ProPublica http://www.propublica.org/topic/mumbai-terror-attacks/
Riedel, B. (2012). Deadly embrace: Pakistan, America, and the future of the global Jihad. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Rotella, S. (2011b). Pakistan and the Mumbai attacks: The Untold Story. January 26, 2011. ProPublica http://www.propublica.org/article/pakistan-and-the-mumbai-attacks-the-untold-story/
Roul, A. (2010a, April). After Pune, details emerge on the Karachi Project and its Threat to India. CTC Sentinel, 3(4).
Roul, A. (2010b). Jihad and Islamism in the Maldive Islands. Jamestown Foundation, February 12, 2010. http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews%5Bany_of_the_words%5D=Maldives&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=36036&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=47c437e89488d09918f9f2974eca684b
Roul, A. (2012, January). The Mastermind of Mayhem in Mumbai: A profile of Lashkar-e-Taiba’s Zaki-ur-Rahman Lakhvi. Militant Leadership Monitor III, Issue 1.
Rubin, A. (2010). Militant group expands attacks in Afghanistan. The New York Times, June 15, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/16/world/asia/16lashkar.html?pagewanted=all
Sageman, M. (2004). Understanding terror networks. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Sareen, S. (2005). The Jihad factory: Pakistan’s Islamic revolution in the making. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications.
Schofield, V. (1996). Kashmir in the crossfire. London: I.B Tauris.
Shah, S. (2010). Pakistan floods: Jamaat-ud-Dawa, Islamists linked to India’s Mumbai attack, offer aid. Christian Science Monitor, August 4, 2010.
Siddiqi, K. (2000). Muridke complex: A nursery for Taiba men. The Dawn, May 7, 2000.
Sikand, Y. (2006). The SIMI story. Countercurrents.org, July 15, 2006. http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-sikand150706.htm
Sikand, Y. (2007). Islamist Militancy in Kashmir: The case of Lashkar-e-Taiba. In A. Rao, M. Bollig, & M. Bock (Eds.), The practice of war: Production, reproduction and communication of armed violence (pp. 215–237). London: Berghahn Books.
South Asia Terrorism Portal. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/lashkar_e_toiba_lt.htm
South Asian Terrorism Portal. (2011). Jaish-e-Mohammed (Army of the Prophet). Institute for Conflict Management, New Delhi. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/jaish_e_mohammad_mujahideen_e_tanzeem.htm
Stern, J. (2003). Terror in the name of god: Why religious Militants kill. New York: HarperCollins.
Swami, P. (1999, November 13–26). The growing toll. Frontline, 16(24). http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1624/16240390.htm
Swami, P. (2000a, May 13–26). The ‘liberation’ of Hyderabad. Frontline, 17(10). http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1710/17100390.htm
Swami, P. (2000b, August 19–September 1). Turning the snow red. Frontline, 17(17). http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1717/17170160.htm
Swami, P. (2004, May 9). Lashkar renews anti-American polemic. The Hindu http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/09/stories/2004050902141000.htm
Swami, P. (2005, November 17). Quake came as a boon for Lashkar leadership. The Hindu http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/17/stories/2005111705951200.htm
Swami, P. (2007). India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947–2004. Abindon: Routledge.
Swami, P. (2008a, December 9). Pakistan and the Lashkar’s Jihad in India. The Hindu.
Swami, P. (2008b, March 29–April 11). Tussle within. Frontline 25(7). http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2507/stories/20080411250708700.htm
Tankel, S. (2011a). Lashkar-e-Taiba: Past operations and future prospects. National Security Studies program policy paper. New America Foundation: Washington, D.C. April 2011.
Tankel, S. (2011b). Storming the world stage: The story of Lashkar-e-Taiba. London: C. Hurst & Co.
Tehelka Magazine. (2009, October 17). The Professor of terror. 6(41). http://www.tehelka.com/story_main43.asp?filename=Ne171009coverstory.asp
Tellis, A. (2010). Testimony by Ashley J. Tellis. Bad Campany-Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and the Growing Ambition of Islamist Militancy in Pakistan. Washington, DC: United States House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Middle East and South Asia, March 11, 2010. http://carnegieendowment.org/files/0311_testimony_tellis.pdf
The 9/11 Commission Report. (2004).
The Daily Excelsior. (2009, February 1). 3 top LeT militants shot dead in Handwara.
http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2009/kashmir20090201c.html
The Daily Times. (2009). Jaish-e-Muhammad builds huge base in Bahawalpur. September 14, 2009. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\09\14\story_14-9-2009_pg7_16
The Dawn. (2010, November 24). Banned outfits raise cash from sacrifice day. http://www.dawn.com/2010/11/24/banned-outfits-raise-cash-from-sacrifice-day.html
The Economic Times. (2008, December 3). Captured Terrorist: Ajmal Amir Kasav tells his story. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-12-03/news/27727691_1_afzal-ajmal-amir-kasav-faridkot-village
The Economic Times. (2010). Jamaatud-Dawa collects funds for jihad against India & US from PoK mosques. February 5, 2010. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-02-05/news/28435559_1_pok-abdul-rehman-makki-jihad
The Guardian. (2005, July 18). Pakistan militants linked to London attacks. 2005.
The Hindu. (2000). Suicide squad storms Red Fort, kills 3 jawans. December 23, 2000. http://www.hindu.com/2000/12/23/stories/01230000.htm
The Times of India. (2003, August 8). Lashkar, Harkat issue fresh threats. .
The Times of India. (2009a). Pakistan’s Jamaat ‘ban’ lie nailed. January 12http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-12/pakistan/28028747_1_rally-lahore-channel
The Times of India. (2009b). Saeed under ‘house arrest,’ was Pak army’s iftar guest. September 22, 2009. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-22/pakistan/28095513_1_saeed-under-house-arrest-lahore-ssp-sohail-sukhera-count-in-army-postings
The Times of India. (2012) LeT to Valley sarpanchs: Quit job or face music. April 17, 2012. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-17/india/31355272_1_sarpanchs-kashmir-issue-kashmiri-separatists
TV Gujarat. (2010). India’s Most wanted HafeezSaeed rally in Karachi. Uploaded by TV Gujarat. June 16, 2010. http://youtube/gOPcowStOgc
U.S. Dept. of State. (2011). Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Individuals and Entities Designated by the State Department Under E.O. 13224. Washington, DC. August 16, 2011. http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/other/des/143210.htm
See also Office of Foreign Assets Control, U.S. Department of Treasury, “Changes to list of specially designated nationals and blocked persons since January 1, 2001. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Treasury, October 13, 2011 http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/SDN-List/Documents/sdnew01.pdf
U.S. Dept. of Treasury (2008) Treasury targets LET leadership. May 27, 2008. http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/hp996.aspx
U.S. Dept. of Treasury (2010) Resource Center: Hawala and alternative Remittance systems. December 3, 2010. http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/terrorist-illicit-finance/Pages/Hawala-and-Alternatives.aspx
U.S. Dept. of Treasury. (2011a). Treasury sanctions Lashkar-e Tayyiba leaders and founders. September 28, 2011.http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1313.aspx
U.S. Dept. of Treasury. (2011b). Resource Center: Terrorism and Illicit Finance (last updated October 5, 2011). http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/terrorist-illicit-finance/Pages/default.aspx
U.S. Dept. of Treasury. Protecting Charitable Organizations (Washington, D.C.: Department of Treasury). http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/key-issues/protecting/charities_execorder_13224-a.shtml#ahpak
U.S. Dept. of Treasury. Protecting Charitable Organizations (Washington, D.C.: Department of Treasury). http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/terrorist-illicit-finance/Terrorist-Finance-Tracking/Pages/fto_aliases.aspx
Waldman, A. (2003). Pakistan Criticized as India Bombing Toll Rises to 52. The New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/27/world/pakistan-criticized-as-india-bombing-toll-rises-to-52.html
Waraich, O. (2009, May 13). Terrorism-Linked Charity Finds New Life Amid Pakistan Refugee Crisis. Time http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1898127,00.html
Weinbaum, M., & Harder, J. (2008, March). Pakistan’s Afghan policies and their consequences. Contemporary South Asia, 16(1), 25–38.
Yousef, M., & Adkin, M. (1992). The Bear’s trap: Afghanistan’s Untold Story. London: L. Cooper.
We are Ahlehadith. (2011). Hafiz Saeed Addressing Kashmir Rally Lahore 05 Feb 2011. http://aslaaf.webs.com/apps/videos/videos/show/12489100-video-speech-of-hafiz-muhammad-saeed
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Subrahmanian, V.S., Mannes, A., Sliva, A., Shakarian, J., Dickerson, J.P. (2013). A Brief History of LeT. In: Computational Analysis of Terrorist Groups: Lashkar-e-Taiba. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4769-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4769-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-4768-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-4769-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)