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Mechanisms of Bioenergy Production in Mitochondria

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Mitochondria and Their Role in Cardiovascular Disease

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Abstract

The majority of the cellular energy is produced in the form of ATP by the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway, through the oxidation of organic substrates, mainly carbohydrates and fatty acids. Carbohydrates initially undergo conversion into pyruvate via glycolysis. Pyruvate then enters mitochondria and transforms to acetyl-CoA by the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex for further oxidation in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Fatty acids also translocate to mitochondria for β-oxidation. Analogous to carbohydrate metabolism, the end product of fatty acid β-oxidation is acetyl-CoA. This intermediary metabolite is “burned” to carbon dioxide via cascade of enzymatic reactions, known as the TCA (or Krebs) cycle to produce high-energy reducing equivalents, in the form of NADH and FADH2. Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 is a series of redox reactions catalyzed by components of mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain (ETC). High-energy electrons, released from oxidized reducing equivalents, flow through the respiratory chain and finally reduce molecular oxygen-generating molecules of water. Energy of electrons is transformed into the electrochemical gradient of protons across mitochondrial inner membrane, which is utilized by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP into ATP. Several mitochondrial kinases orchestrate coupling of ATP synthesis (in mitochondria) with ATP utilization (in different cell compartments).

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    José Marín-García M.D.

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Marín-García, J. (2013). Mechanisms of Bioenergy Production in Mitochondria. In: Mitochondria and Their Role in Cardiovascular Disease. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4599-9_5

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