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Motor Control of Extraocular Muscle

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Craniofacial Muscles

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Abstract

Six pairs of extraocular muscles (EOMs) are innervated by three pairs of cranial nerves whose cell bodies lie in three cranial nerve nuclei on each side of the brain, namely the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nuclei. Early studies of the oculomotor system examined neuronal responses of extraocular motoneurons within these motor nuclei and developed a framework for understanding the motor control of EOM (Fuchs and Luschei 1970; Keller and Robinson 1971). Perhaps one of the most significant and elegant outcomes of some of these studies was the proposal for a “final common pathway” for eye movements (Robinson 1968, 1981). Thus, according to the oculomotor final common pathway theory, motoneuron innervation of EOM was independent of the type of eye movement that was being executed. While this framework still has validity in understanding the neural control of eye movements, there have been new developments in the last couple of decades that has brought about renewed interest in the oculomotor periphery and cast doubt on the so-called “final common pathway.” The goals of this chapter are to review ocular biomechanics and motor control of EOM while highlighting new developments and identifying issues that are yet unresolved. We have confined our discussion to the motor neurons and their effector organ, the eye. Central control of eye movements is outside the scope of this chapter.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The term “plant” comes from engineering terminology for something that is controlled.

  2. 2.

    Studies from labs that examined motoneuron responses during combined saccade-vergence movements have shown that many abducens motoneurons and medial rectus motoneurons surprisingly encode a binocular signal (i.e., encode movements of either eye) although they might be expected to only encode movements of the eye that they project to. For the purposes of this chapter, it should be noted that the finding of unequal sensitivities for vergence and conjugate eye movements is exactly equivalent to the finding of binocular encoding in motoneuronal activity by these other studies. The reason that the two findings are equivalent is that a simple linear mathematical transformation can transform a conjugate/vergence representation of motoneuronal responses into a right eye/left eye representation (King and Zhou 2002; Sylvestre and Cullen 2002).

    Conjugate  =  (right eye  +  left eye)/2

    Vergence  =  Left eye  −  right eye

    Right eye  =  Conjugate  −  vergence/2

    Left eye  =  Conjugate  +  vergence/2

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by NIH grant EY015312. I wish to thank Dr. Anand Joshi and the editors for critically reading the manuscript and providing helpful comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA

    Vallabh E. Das Ph.D.

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Correspondence to Vallabh E. Das Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, Minnesota, USA

    Linda K. McLoon

  2. Dept. Physiology, University of Kentucky, Leader Ave. 138, Lexington, 40506-9983, Kentucky, USA

    Francisco Andrade

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Das, V.E. (2012). Motor Control of Extraocular Muscle. In: McLoon, L., Andrade, F. (eds) Craniofacial Muscles. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4466-4_4

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