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Beneficial Effects of Ginkgo biloba in Neurological Disorders

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Phytochemicals, Signal Transduction, and Neurological Disorders

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Abstract

Ginkgo biloba (G. biloba), which belongs to the family Ginkgoaceae, is an important herb from the Chinese traditional system of medicine (Huh and Staba 1992). Extract prepared from its leaves has been used in traditional medicine for several hundred years. Major component of patented G. biloba leaves extract is called as EGb761. It was developed by Beaufour-Ipsen Pharma (Paris, France) and Dr. Willmar Schwabe Pharmaceuticals (Karlsruhe, Germany). EGb761 contains glycosides of the flavonols quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol (24 %); the terpene-lactones bilobalide and ginkgolides A, B and C, M, J, and bilobalide (6 %); and less than 5 ppm ginkgolic acid (Figs. 8.1 and 8.2) (Drieu 1986; DeFeudis and Drieu 2000). Other minor constituents of G. biloba include shikimic, vanillic, ascorbic, p-coumaric acids, steroids (sitosterol and stigmasterol), polyprenols, benzoic acid derivatives, carbohydrates, straight chain hydrocarbons, alcohol, ketones, and 2-hexenol. G. biloba constituents possess potent central nervous system (CNS) activity (Di Renzo 2000 including enhancement of memory, concentration, mental alertness, and decrease in mental fatigue. Many of these constituents produce memory boosting and mental altering effects, which are due to antioxidant- and neurogenesis-promoting properties of flavonols of G. biloba (Fig. 8.3) (Yoo et al. 2011). In addition, G. biloba terpenes are involved in antagonizing platelet activating factor, an endogenous mediator of inflammation and nociception produced by a variety of inflammatory cells, which may improve cardiovascular blood flow (Smith et al. 1996). G. biloba flavonoids have also been reported to dilate blood vessels by increasing the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and prostacyclin (PGI2) from vascular endothelial cells and decrease blood viscosity by antagonizing platelet activating factor.

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  1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Akhlaq A. Farooqui

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Farooqui, A.A. (2013). Beneficial Effects of Ginkgo biloba in Neurological Disorders. In: Phytochemicals, Signal Transduction, and Neurological Disorders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3804-5_8

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