Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lymphatic Dissemination

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Experimental and Clinical Metastasis

  • 771 Accesses

Abstract

Lymphatics compose the second vascular system found in higher vertebrates in addition to the blood vasculature. It has several vital functions including the regulation of tissue pressure, immune surveillance and the absorption of dietary fat in the intestine Cueni and Detmar (Lymphat Res Biol 6:109–122, 2008).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Achen MG, Stacker SA (2006) Tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastatic spread-new players begin to emerge. Int J Cancer 119:1755–1760

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Achen MG, Stacker SA (2008) Molecular control of lymphatic metastasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1131:225–234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amioka T et al (2002) Vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression predicts lymph node metastasis of human gastric carcinomas invading the submucosa. Eur J Cancer 38:1413–1419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aurello P et al (2009) Vascular endothelial growth factor C and microvessel density in gastric carcinoma: Correlation with clinicopathological factors. Our experience and review of the literature. Oncol Res 17:405–411

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azzali G (2006) On the transendothelial passage of tumor cell from extravasal matrix into the lumen of absorbing lymphatic vessel. Microvasc Res 72:74–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balch CM et al (2001) Final version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 19:3635–3648

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolenz C et al (2009) The role of lymphangiogenesis in lymphatic tumour spread of urological cancers. BJU Int 104:592–597

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Britto AV et al (2009) Immunostaining with D2–40 improves evaluation of lymphovascular invasion, but may not predict sentinel lymph node status in early breast cancer. BMC Cancer 9:109

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clasper S et al (2008) A novel gene expression profile in lymphatics associated with tumor growth and nodal metastasis. Cancer Res 68:7293–7303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Compton C, Fenoglio-Preiser CM, Pettigrew N, Fielding LP (2000) American Joint Committee on Cancer Prognostic Factors Consensus Conference: Colorectal Working Group. Cancer 88:1739–1757

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cueni LN, Detmar M (2008) The lymphatic system in health and disease. Lymphat Res Biol 6:109–122

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dadras SS et al (2003) Tumor lymphangiogenesis: A novel prognostic indicator for cutaneous melanoma metastasis and survival. Am J Pathol 162:1951–1960

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Boer M, van Dijck JA, Bult P, Borm GF, Tjan-Heijnen VC (2010) Breast cancer prognosis and occult lymph node metastases, isolated tumor cells, and micrometastases. J Natl Cancer Inst 102:410–425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Giorgi V et al (2007) Outcome of patients with melanoma and histologically negative sentinel lymph nodes: one institution’s experience. Oncology 73:401–406

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich T et al (2010) Cutting edge: Lymphatic vessels, not blood vessels, primarily mediate immune rejections after transplantation. J Immunol 184:535–539

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donnem T et al (2009a) VEGF-A and VEGFR-3 correlate with nodal status in operable non-small cell lung cancer: inverse correlation between expression in tumor and stromal cells. Lung Cancer 63:277–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donnem T, Al-Shibli K, Al-Saad S, Busund LT, Bremnes RM (2009b) Prognostic impact of fibroblast growth factor 2 in non-small cell lung cancer: Coexpression with VEGFR-3 and PDGF-B predicts poor survival. J Thorac Oncol 4:578–585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donnem T, Al-Saad S, Al-Shibli K, Busund LT, Bremnes RM (2010) Co-expression of PDGF-B and VEGFR-3 strongly correlates with lymph node metastasis and poor survival in non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 21:223–231

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franchi A et al (2006) Inducible nitric oxide synthase activity correlates with lymphangiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Pathol 208:439–445

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franchi A, Gallo O, Massi D, Baroni G, Santucci M (2004) Tumor lymphangiogenesis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a morphometric study with clinical correlations. Cancer 101:973–978

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garmy-Susini B et al (2010) Integrin {alpha}4{beta}1 Signaling Is Required for Lymphangiogenesis and Tumor Metastasis. Cancer Res

    Google Scholar 

  • Govindarajan A, Ghazarian DM, McCready DR, Leong WL (2007) Histological features of melanoma sentinel lymph node metastases associated with status of the completion lymphadenectomy and rate of subsequent relapse. Ann Surg Oncol 14:906–912

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gu Y, Qi X, Guo S (2008) Lymphangiogenesis induced by VEGF-C and VEGF-D promotes metastasis and a poor outcome in breast carcinoma: A retrospective study of 61 cases. Clin Exp Metastasis 25:717–725

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris JR, Lippman ME, Veronesi U, Willett W (1992) Breast cancer (3). N Engl J Med 327:473–480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heindl LM et al (2009) Intraocular lymphangiogenesis in malignant melanomas of the ciliary body with extraocular extension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:1988–1995

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heindl LM et al (2010) Intraocular tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis a novel prognostic factor for ciliary body melanomas with extraocular extension? Ophthalmology 117:334–342

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henno A et al (2009) Altered expression of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis markers in the uninvolved skin of plaque-type psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 160:581–590

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirakawa S et al (2005) VEGF-A induces tumor and sentinel lymph node lymphangiogenesis and promotes lymphatic metastasis. J Exp Med 201:1089–1099

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirakawa S et al (2009) Nodal lymphangiogenesis and metastasis: Role of tumor-induced lymphatic vessel activation in extramammary Paget’s disease. Am J Pathol 175:2235–2248

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hong YK et al (2002) Prox1 is a master control gene in the program specifying lymphatic endothelial cell fate. Dev Dyn 225:351–357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwase H, Yamamoto Y, Kawasoe T, Ibusuki M (2009) Advantage of sentinel lymph node biopsy before neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer treatment. Surg Today 39:374–380

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerjaschki D et al (2004) Lymphatic neoangiogenesis in human kidney transplants is associated with immunologically active lymphocytic infiltrates. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:603–612

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitadai Y et al (2005) Quantitative analysis of lymphangiogenic markers for predicting metastasis of human gastric carcinoma to lymph nodes. Int J Cancer 115:388–392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitadai Y (2010) Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of gastric cancer. J Oncol 2010:468725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koyama H et al (2008) Significance of tumor-associated stroma in promotion of intratumoral lymphangiogenesis: pivotal role of a hyaluronan-rich tumor microenvironment. Am J Pathol 172:179–193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyzas PA, Geleff S, Batistatou A, Agnantis NJ, Stefanou D (2005) Evidence for lymphangiogenesis and its prognostic implications in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Pathol 206:170–177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahdenranta J et al (2009) Endothelial nitric oxide synthase mediates lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Cancer Res 69:2801–2808

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurent TC, Fraser JR (1992) Hyaluronan. FASEB J 6:2397–2404

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee K et al (2010) Increased intratumoral lymphatic vessel density correlates with lymph node metastasis in early gastric carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 17:73–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leong SP et al (2006) Clinical patterns of metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 25:221–232

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandriota SJ et al (2001) Vascular endothelial growth factor-C-mediated lymphangiogenesis promotes tumour metastasis. EMBO J 20:672–682

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massi D et al (2009) Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in melanoma: implications in lymphangiogenesis. Mod Pathol 22:21–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto K et al (2007) Lymphatic microvessel density is an independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 50:308–314

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maula SM et al (2003) Intratumoral lymphatics are essential for the metastatic spread and prognosis in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck region. Cancer Res 63:1920–1926

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moroi Y (2009) Significance of sentinel lymph node biopsy in malignant melanoma: Overview of international data. Int J Clin Oncol 14:485–489

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz-Guerra MF, Marazuela EG, Martin-Villar E, Quintanilla M, Gamallo C (2004) Prognostic significance of intratumoral lymphangiogenesis in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Cancer 100:553–560

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murali R et al (2009) Interobserver reproducibility of histologic parameters of melanoma deposits in sentinel lymph nodes: implications for management of patients with melanoma. Cancer 115:5026–5037

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohhashi T, Mizuno R, Ikomi F, Kawai Y (2005) Current topics of physiology and pharmacology in the lymphatic system. Pharmacol Ther 105:165–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Padera TP et al (2002) Lymphatic metastasis in the absence of functional intratumor lymphatics. Science 296:1883–1886

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasquali S et al (2010) Early (sentinel lymph node biopsy-guided) versus delayed lymphadenectomy in melanoma patients with lymph node metastases: Personal experience and literature meta-analysis. Cancer 116:1201–1209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedica F, Ligorio C, Tonelli P, Bartolini S, Baccarini P (2008) Lymphangiogenesis in Crohn’s disease: an immunohistochemical study using monoclonal antibody D2–Virchows Arch 452:57–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pepper MS (2001) Lymphangiogenesis and tumor metastasis: Myth or reality? Clin Cancer Res 7:462-468

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prevo R, Banerji S, Ferguson DJ, Clasper S, Jackson DG (2001) Mouse LYVE-1 is an endocytic receptor for hyaluronan in lymphatic endothelium. J Biol Chem 276:19420–19430

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ran S, Volk L, Hall K, Flister MJ (2009) Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in breast cancer. Pathophysiology

    Google Scholar 

  • Renyi-Vamos F et al (2005) Lymphangiogenesis correlates with lymph node metastasis, prognosis, and angiogenic phenotype in human non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 11:7344–7353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rescigno J, Zampell JC, Axelrod D (2009) Patterns of axillary surgical care for breast cancer in the era of sentinel lymph node biopsy. Ann Surg Oncol 16:687–696

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rinderknecht M, Detmar M (2008) Tumor lymphangiogenesis and melanoma metastasis. J Cell Physiol 216:347–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salem A (2009) Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: A comprehensive literature review. J Surg Educ 66:267–275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scavelli C, Vacca A, Di Pietro G, Dammacco F, Ribatti D (2004) Crosstalk between angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in tumor progression. Leukemia 18:1054–1058

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoppmann SF et al (2004) Prognostic value of lymphangiogenesis and lymphovascular invasion in invasive breast cancer. Ann Surg 240:306–312

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sedivy R, Beck-Mannagetta J, Haverkampf C, Battistutti W, Honigschnabl S (2003) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C correlates with the lymphatic microvessel density and the nodal status in oral squamous cell cancer. J Oral Pathol Med 32:455–460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shayan R, Achen MG, Stacker SA (2006) Lymphatic vessels in cancer metastasis: bridging the gaps. Carcinogenesis 27:1729–1738

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sleeman J, Schmid A, Thiele W (2009) Tumor lymphatics. Semin Cancer Biol 19:285–297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sleeman JP, Thiele W (2009) Tumor metastasis and the lymphatic vasculature. Int J Cancer 125:2747–2756

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starz H, Balda BR, Kramer KU, Buchels H, Wang H (2001) A micromorphometry-based concept for routine classification of sentinel lymph node metastases and its clinical relevance for patients with melanoma. Cancer 91:2110–2121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swartz MA, Skobe M (2001) Lymphatic function, lymphangiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. Microsc Res Tech 55:92–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tammela T, Alitalo K (2010) Lymphangiogenesis: Molecular mechanisms and future promise. Cell 140:460–476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uhara H, Takata M, Saida T (2009) Sentinel lymph node biopsy in Japan. Int J Clin Oncol 14:490–496

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valencak J et al (2004) Selective immunohistochemical staining shows significant prognostic influence of lymphatic and blood vessels in patients with malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 40:358–364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Akkooi AC, Spatz A, Eggermont AM, Mihm M, Cook MG (2009) Expert opinion in melanoma: the sentinel node; EORTC Melanoma Group recommendations on practical methodology of the measurement of the microanatomic location of metastases and metastatic tumour burden. Eur J Cancer 45:2736–2742

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Trappen PO et al (2003) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D, and their receptor VEGFR-3, during different stages of cervical carcinogenesis. J Pathol 201:544–554

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang TB, Huang YH, Lan P, Song XM, Wang JP (2005) [Correlation of lymphangiogenesis to progression of colorectal cancer]. Ai Zheng 24:1276–1279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witte D, Thomas A, Ali N, Carlson N, Younes M (2002) Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) and its ligand VEGF-C in human colorectal adenocarcinoma. Anticancer Res 22:1463–1466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witte MH et al (2006) Structure function relationships in the lymphatic system and implications for cancer biology. Cancer Metastasis Rev 25:159–184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yarbro JW, Page DL, Fielding LP, Partridge EE, Murphy GP (1999) American Joint Committee on Cancer prognostic factors consensus conference. Cancer 86:2436–2446

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng Y, Opeskin K, Horvath LG, Sutherland RL, Williams ED (2005) Lymphatic vessel density and lymph node metastasis in prostate cancer. Prostate 65:222–230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhan P et al (2009) Prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in patients with lung cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Thorac Oncol 4:1094–1103

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département de Pathologie & Cytologie du Centre Hospitalier, Affilié universitaire de Québec (CHA) Hôpital l’Enfant-Jésus, local C-1210 1401 18e rue, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada

    Alexandre Nakao Odashiro MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Alexandre Nakao Odashiro MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Genomic Regulation, N/A, Barcelona, N/A, Spain

    Julia V. Burnier

  2. , Ophthalmology, Pathology, Medicine & Onc, McGill University Health Centre, University Street 3775, Montreal, H3A 2B4, Québec, Canada

    Miguel N. Burnier, Jr.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Odashiro, A. (2013). Lymphatic Dissemination. In: Burnier, J., Burnier, Jr., M. (eds) Experimental and Clinical Metastasis. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3685-0_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation