Abstract
Mars and Venus do not have a global magnetic field and as a result solar wind interacts directly with their ionospheres and upper atmospheres. Neutral atoms ionized by solar UV, charge exchange and electron impact, are extracted and scavenged by solar wind providing a significant loss of planetary volatiles. There are different channels and routes through which the ionized planetary matter escapes from the planets. Processes of ion energization driven by direct solar wind forcing and their escape are intimately related. Forces responsible for ion energization in different channels are different and, correspondingly, the effectiveness of escape is also different. Classification of the energization processes and escape channels on Mars and Venus and also their variability with solar wind parameters is the main topic of our review. We will distinguish between classical pickup and ‘mass-loaded’ pickup processes, energization in boundary layer and plasma sheet, polar winds on unmagnetized planets with magnetized ionospheres and enhanced escape flows from localized auroral regions in the regions filled by strong crustal magnetic fields.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
M.H. Acuña, J. Connerney, P. Wasilewski et al., Science 279, 1676 (1998)
M. André, A.W. Yau, Space Sci. Rev. 80, 27 (1997)
D.E. Anderson, C.W. Hord, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 6666 (1971)
D.E. Anderson, C.W. Hord, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 5638 (1972)
I.L. Arshukova, N. Erkaev, H.K. Biernat et al., Adv. Space Res. 33, 182 (2004)
P.M. Banks, T.E. Holzer, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 6846 (1968)
S. Barabash, R. Lundin, H. Andersson et al., Space Sci. Rev. 126, 113 (2006)
S. Barabash, A. Fedorov, R. Lundin et al., Science 315, 501 (2007a). doi:10.1126/science.1134358
S. Barabash, A. Fedorov, J.-A. Sauvaud et al., Nature 450, 650 (2007b). doi:10.1038/nature06434
S. Barabash et al., Planet. Space Sci. 55, 1772 (2007c). doi:10.1016/j.pss.2007.01.014
S.J. Bauer, in Proceedings of the Second European Workshop on ExoAstrobiology, Graz, Austria (2002), p. 21
J.-L. Bertaux, F. Leblanc, O. Witasse et al., Nature 435, 790 (2005). doi:10.1038/nature03603
L.H. Brace, T.F. Theis, W.R. Hoegy, Planet. Space Sci. 30, 29 (1982)
L.H. Brace, W.T. Kasprzak, H.A. Taylor, T.F. Theis et al., J. Geophys. Res. 92, 15 (1987)
D.A. Brain, F. Bagenal, M.H. Acuna et al., J. Geophys. Res. 107, 1076 (2002). doi:10.1029/2000JA000416
D.A. Brain, J.S. Halekas, L.P. Peticolas et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L01201 (2006). doi:10.1029/2005GL024782
J.W. Chamberlain, D.M. Hunten, in Theory of Planetary Atmospheres: An Introduction to Their Physics and Chemistry (Academic Press, New York, 1987), p. 481
S.C. Chapman, M.W. Dunlop, J. Geophys. Res. 91(7), 8051 (1986)
E. Chassefiere, Icarus 126, 229 (1997)
E. Chassefiere, F. Leblanc, Planet. Space Sci. 52, 1039 (2004)
J.Y. Chaufray, J.-L. Bertaux, F. Leblanc, E. Quemerais, Icarus 195, 598 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.01.009
A. Coates, S. Tsang, A. Wellbrock et al., Planet. Space Sci. (2010). doi:10.1016/j.pss2010.07.019
D. Crider et al., Mars Global Surveyor observations of solar wind magnetic field draping around Mars. Space Sci. Rev. 111(1–2), 203 (2004). doi:10.1023/B:SPAC.0000032714.66124.4e
Z. Dobe, K.B. Quest, V.D. Shapiro, K. Szego, J.D. Huba, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 260 (1999)
M. Delva et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2011, this issue)
S.S. Dolginov, E. Dubinin, R. Yeroshenko et al., Cosm. Res. 19, 624 (1981)
E. Dubinin, P. Israelevich, I. Podgorny, S. Shkolnikova, Lett. Astron. J. 6, 253 (1980)
E. Dubinin, R. Lundin, H. Koskinen, N. Pissarenko, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 3991 (1993)
E. Dubinin, K. Sauer, R. Lundin et al., J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 785 (1996a)
E. Dubinin, K. Sauer, R. Lundin, O. Norberg et al., J. Geophys. Res. 101, 27061 (1996b)
E. Dubinin, K. Sauer, K. Baumgaertel, K. Srivastava, Earth Planets Space 50, 279 (1998)
E. Dubinin, K. Sauer, Astrophys. Space Sci. 264, 273 (1999)
E. Dubinin, M. Fraenz, J. Woch et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L22103 (2006a). doi:10.1029/2006GL027799
E. Dubinin, M. Fraenz, J. Woch et al., Space Sci. Rev. 126, 209 (2006b). doi:10.1007/s11214-006-9039-4
E. Dubinin, R. Lundin, M. Fraenz, J. Woch et al., Icarus 182, 337 (2006c). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.09.022
E. Dubinin, R. Modolo, M. Fraenz, J. Woch et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L11103 (2008a). doi:10.1029/2008GL033730
E. Dubinin, R. Modolo, M. Fraenz, J. Woch et al., J. Geophys. Res. 113, A10217 (2008b). doi:10.1029/2008JA013355
E. Dubinin, G. Chanteur, M. Fraenz, J. Woch, Planet. Space Sci. 56, 868 (2008c). doi:10.1016/j.pss2007.01.019
E. Dubinin, M. Fraenz, J. Woch et al., Ann. Geophys. 26, 3511 (2008d). www.ann-geophys.net/26/3511/2008/
E. Dubinin, M. Fraenz, J. Woch et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L01105 (2009a). doi:10.1029/2008GL0365595
E. Dubinin, M. Fraenz, J. Woch et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L08108 (2009b). doi:10.1029/2009GL038209
F. Duru, D.A. Gurnett, D.D. Morgan, R. Modolo et al., J. Geophys. Res. 113, A07302 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008JA013073
N. Edberg, H. Nilsson, A.O. Williams et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. (2010). doi:10.1029/2009GL041814
N. Edberg, H. Nilsson, Y. Futaana et al., J. Geophys. Res. (2011). doi:10.1029/2011JA016749
R.C. Elphic, A.I. Ershkovich, J. Geophys. Res. 89, 997 (1984)
R.E. Ergun, L. Andersson, W.K. Peterson, D. Brain et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L14103 (2006). doi:10.1029/2006GL025785
A. Fedorov, E. Budnik, J.-A. Sauvaud, C. Mazelle et al., Icarus 182, 329 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.09.021
A. Fedorov, C. Ferrier, J.-A. Sauvaud, S. Barabash et al., Planet. Space Sci. 56, 812 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.pss2007.12.012
A. Fedorov, S. Barabash, J.-A. Sauvaud et al., J. Geophys. Res. 116, A07220 (2011). doi:101029/2011JA016427
P.D. Feldman, A.J. Steffl, J.W. Parker et al., Icarus (2011, in press)
J.L. Fox, A. Hać, Icarus 204, 527 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.09.021
M. Fraenz, J.D. Winningham, E. Dubinin, E. Roussos et al., Icarus 182, 406 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.07.005
M. Fraenz, E. Dubinin, E. Nielsen et al., Planet. Space Sci. 58, 1442 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.pss.2010.06.009
R. Frahm, J.D. Winningham, J.R. Sharber et al., Icarus 182, 371 (2006a). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.01.014
R. Frahm, J.R. Sharber, J.D. Winningham et al., Space Sci. Rev. 126, 389 (2006b). doi:10.1007/s11214-006-9119-5
R. Frahm, J.R. Sharber, J.D. Winningham et al., Icarus (2010). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.03.024
R. Grard, A. Pedersen, S. Klimov et al., Nature 341, 607 (1989)
D.A. Gurnett, D.L. Kirchner, R.L. Huff, D. Morgan et al., Science 310, 1929 (2005)
D.A. Gurnett, R.L. Huff, D.D. Morgan et al., J. Adv. Space Res. (2008). doi:10.1016/j.asr.2007.01.062
D.A. Gurnett, D.D. Morgan, F. Duru et al., Icarus 206, 83 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.asr.icarus.2009.02019
J.B. Harold, A.B. Hassam, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 19,325 (1994)
R.E. Hartle, J.M. Grebowsky, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 31 (1990)
A.B. Hassam, J.D. Huba, Geophys. Res. Lett. 14, 60 (1987)
D.S. Intriligator, Geophys. Res. Lett. 91, 167 (1989)
R.E. Johnson et al., Space Sci. Rev. 16(2), 355 (2008)
W.T. Kaspzak, H.A. Taylor, L. Brace, H.B. Niemann, Planet. Space Sci. 30, 1107 (1982)
W.C. Knudsen, K. Spenner, K.L. Miller, V. Novak, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 8039 (1980)
W.C. Knudsen, in Venus and Mars: Atmospheres, Ionospheres and Solar wind interactions. AGU Monograph, 66 (AGU, Washington, 1992), p. 237
W.C. Knudsen, K.L. Miller, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 17165 (1992)
V. Krasnopolsky, P.D. Feldman, Science 294, 1914 (2001)
H. Lammer et al., Planet. Space Sci. 54, 1445 (2006a)
H. Lammer et al., Icarus 165, 9 (2006b)
H. Lammer et al., Space Sci. Rev. 139, 399 (2008)
F. Leblanc, O. Witasse, J. Lilensten et al., J. Geophys. Res. 113, A08311 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008JA013033
M.W. Liemohn, Y. Ma, R. Frahm et al., Space Sci. Rev. 126, 63 (2006a). doi:10.1007/a11214-006-9116-8
H. Lichtenegger, K. Schwingenschuh, E. Dubinin, R. Lundin, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 21659 (1995)
H. Lichtenegger, E. Dubinin, Earth Planets Space 50, 445 (1998)
M.W. Liemohn, R. Frahm, J.D. Winningham, S. Barabash et al., Icarus 182, 383 (2006b). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.036
J.G. Luhmann, S. Bauer, in Venus and Mars: Atmospheres, Ionospheres and Solar wind interactions. AGU Monograph, 66 (AGU, Washington, 1992)
J.G. Luhmann, Space Sci. Rev. 44, 241 (1986)
J.G. Luhmann, J.U. Kozyra, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 5457 (1991)
J.G. Luhmann, K. Schwingenschuh, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 939 (1990)
J.G. Luhmann, S.A. Ledvina, C.T. Russell, Adv. Space Res. 33, 1905 (2004)
J.G. Luhmann, S.A. Ledvina, J.G. Lyon, C.T. Russell, Planet. Space Sci. 54, 1457 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.pss.2005.10.009
J.G. Luhmann, A. Fedorov, S. Barabash et al., J. Geophys. Res. 113, E00B04 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008JE003092
R. Lundin, E. Dubinin, Adv. Space Res. 12(9), 255 (1992)
R. Lundin, A. Zakharov, R. Pellinen et al., Nature 341, 609 (1989)
R. Lundin, A. Zakharov, R. Pellinen et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 873 (1990a)
R. Lundin, A. Zakharov, R. Pellinen et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 877 (1990b)
R. Lundin, E. Dubinin, H. Koskinen, O. Norberg, N. Pissarenko, S. Barabash, Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1059 (1991)
R. Lundin, J.D. Winningham, S. Barabash et al., Science 311, 980 (2006a). doi:10.1126/science.1122071
R. Lundin, J.D. Winningham, S. Barabash et al., Space Sci. Rev. 126, 333 (2006b). doi:10.1007/s11214-006-9086-x
R. Lundin, A. Guglielmi, Space Sci. Rev. 127, 1 (2006). doi:10.1007/s11214-006-8314-8
R. Lundin, H. Lammer, I. Ribas, Space Sci. Rev. 129, 245 (2007). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9176-4
R. Lundin, S. Barabash, A. Fedorov et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L09203 (2008a). doi:10.129/2007GL032884
R. Lundin, S. Barabash, M. Holmstrom et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L18203 (2008b). doi:10.129/2008GL034811
R. Lundin, S. Barabash, M. Yamauchi et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. (2010, in press)
R. Lundin, S. Barabash, E. Dubinin et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. (2011, in press)
G.P. Mantas, W.B. Hanson, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 369 (1979)
C. Mazelle, D. Winterhalter, K. Sauer et al., Space Sci. Rev. 111, 115 (2004)
J.B. McBribe, E. Ott, J.P. Boris, J.H. Orens, Phys. Fluids 15(12), 2367 (1972)
D.J. McComas, H.E. Spence, C.T. Russell et al., J. Geophys. Res. 91, 7939 (1986)
M.B. McElroy, M.J. Prather, J.M. Rodriguez, Science 215, 1614 (1982)
T.R. McEnulty, J.G. Luhmann, I. de Pater et al., Planet. Space Sci. 58, 1794 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.pss2010.07.019
J.D. Mihalov, A. Barnes, Geophys. Res. Lett. 8(12), 1277 (1981)
K.R. Moore, D.J. McComas, C.T. Russell, J.D. Mihalov, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 12005 (1990)
K.R. Moore, V.A. Thomas, D.J. McComas, J. Geophys. Res. 96(A5), 7779 (1991)
H. Nilsson, E. Carlsson, D. Brain et al., Icarus 206, 40 (2010)
H. Nilsson, N. Edberg, G. Stenberg et al., Icarus (2011, in press)
K. Papadopoulos, R.C. Davidson, J.M. Dawson et al., Phys. Fluids 14, 849 (1971)
A. Pedersen, C. Nairn, R. Grard, K. Schwingenschuh, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 11243 (1991)
T. Penz, N.V. Erkaev, H.K. Biernat et al., Planet. Space Sci. 52, 1157 (2004)
H. Perez de Tejada, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 31499 (1998)
I. Podgorny, E. Dubinin, P. Israelevich, Moon Planets 27, 397 (1982)
H. Rosenbauer et al., Nature 341, 612 (1989)
C.T. Russell, in Venus Aeronomy (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1991), p. 489
C.T. Russell, J.G. Luhmann, R.J. Strangeway, Planet. Space Sci. 54, 1482 (2006)
K. Sauer, A. Bogdanov, K. Baumgaertel, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 2255 (1994)
K. Sauer, J.F. McKenzie, E. Dubinin, in Waves in Dusty, Solar and Space Plasmas, ed. by F. Verheest et al. (AIP, New York, 2000), p. 327
M.A. Saunders, C.T. Russell, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 5589 (1986)
F. Scarf et al., J. Geophys. Res. 85, 7599 (1980)
Y. Soobiah, A. Coates, D.R. Linder, D.O. Kataria et al., Icarus 182, 396 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.034
V.D. Shapiro, K. Szego, S. Ride et al., J. Geophys. Res. 100, 21289 (1995)
K. Spenner, W.C. Knudsen, K.L. Miller, V. Novak, C.T. Russell, R.C. Elphic, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 7655 (1980)
H.A. Taylor et al., Adv. Space Res. 1, 247 (1981)
V.A. Thomas, D. Winske, Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1943 (1991)
N. Terada, S. Machida, H. Shinagawa, J. Geophys. Res. 107(A12), 1471 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001JA009224
O. Vaisberg et al., in Physics of Solar Planetary Environment. Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 2 (AGU, Washington, 1976), p. 904
O. Vaisberg, L. Zelenyi, Icarus 58, 412 (1984)
O. Vaisberg, J. Luhmann, C.T. Russell, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 14,841 (1990)
O. Vaisberg, A. Fedorov, F. Dunjushkin et al., Adv. Space Res. 16(4), 105 (1995)
V.M. Vasyliunas, Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(11), 2177 (2001)
M. Verigin, N. Shutte, A. Galeev, K.I. Gringauz et al., Planet. Space Sci. 39, 131 (1991)
J.D. Winningham, R. Frahm, J.R. Sharber et al., Icarus 182, 360 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.033
R.S. Wolff, B.E. Goldstein, C.M. Yeates, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 7697 (1980)
Ye. Yeroshenko, W.R. Riedler, K. Schwingenschuh, J.G. Luhmann, M. Ong, C.T. Russell, Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 885 (1990)
G.P. Zank, H.L. Pauls, I.H. Cairns, G.M. Webb, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 457 (1996)
T.L. Zhang, M. Delva, W. Baumjohann et al., Planet. Space Sci. 54, 1336 (2006). doi:1016/j.pss.2006.04.018
T.L. Zhang, M. Delva, W. Baumjohann et al., Planet. Space Sci. 56, 790 (2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dubinin, E. et al. (2011). Ion Energization and Escape on Mars and Venus. In: Szego, K. (eds) The Plasma Environment of Venus, Mars, and Titan. Space Sciences Series of ISSI, vol 37. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3290-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3290-6_6
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3289-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3290-6
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)