Abstract
Metallic materials used in biomedical applications have become increasingly important as the number of various implanted devices, e.g., orthopedic, cardiovascular, dental, and ophthalmological implants, constantly increases. In addition to titanium-based alloys and stainless steel, cobalt–chromium–molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo) is one of the most important materials used in orthopedic applications, i.e., total hip replacements. The increasing number of implanted hip replacements is the result of the prolongation of the average life expectancy and an active lifestyle in older age. Among the diseases of the joint that in most cases require surgical treatment, osteoarthritis is the most important. After implantation of a hip prosthesis, pain is reduced and the functionality of the joint is recovered. The average lifetime of the implanted prosthesis is about 15 years. Compared to implants used in the 1970s, the lifetime of contemporary hip prostheses progressively increases because of progress in surgical techniques, treatment, material manufacturing, and quality control. The ultimate goal is to produce hip prostheses that would endure the average postsurgical lifetime of more than 20 years and enable the patient to live an active lifestyle without pain. To achieve this goal, understanding alloy behavior in vitro and in vivo is crucial.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Williams DF (1981) The properties and clinical use of cobalt-chromium alloy. In: Williams DF (ed) Biocompatibility of clinical implant materials, vol I. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p 99
International standard ISO 5832-4-1996, 2nd edn. Implants for surgery – Metallic materials – Part 4: Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum casting alloy
International standard ISO 5832-12-2007, 2nd edn. Implants for surgery – Metallic materials – Part 12: Wrought cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy
International standard ISO 5832-5-2005, 3rd edn. Implants for surgery – Metallic materials – Part 5: Wrought cobalt-tungsten-nickel alloy
International standard ISO 5832-6-1997, 2nd edn. Implants for surgery – Metallic materials – Part 6: Wrought cobalt-nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy
Hallab NJ, Jacobs JJ, Katz JL (2004) Orthopedic applications. In: Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE (eds) Biomaterials science: an introduction to materials in medicine. Elsevier, London, p 526
Brunski JB (2004) Metals. In: Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE (eds) Biomaterials science: an introduction to materials in medicine. Elsevier, London, p 137
Ring PA (1971) J Bone Joint Surg Br 53B:344
Charnley J (1971) J Bone Joint Surg Br 53B:342
Milošev I (2011) Pure Appl Chem 83:309
Hoar TP, Mears DC (1966) Proc R Soc London 294:486
Hanks JH, Wallace RE (1949) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 71:196
Kuhn AT (1981) Biomaterials 2:68
Espevik S (1978) Acta Odontol Scand 36:113
Mueller HJ, Greener EH (1970) J Biomed Mater Res 4:29
Cahoon JR, Hill LD (1978) J Biomed Mater Res 12:805
Galante J, Rosteker W (1972) Clin Orthop 86:237
Rostoker W, Galante JO, Lereim P (1978) J Biomed Mater Res 12:823
Lucas LC, Buchanan RA, Lemons JE (1981) J Biomed Mater Res 15:731
Kummer FJ, Rose RM (1983) J Bone Joint Surg Am 165-A:1125
Griffin CD, Buchanan RA, Lemons JE (1983) J Biomed Mater Res 17:489
Thompson NG, Buchanan RA, Lemons JE (1979) J Biomed Mater Res 13:35
Lucas LC, Buchanan RA, Lemons JE, Griffin CD (1982) J Biomed Mater Res 16:799
Syrett BC, Wing SS (1978) Corrosion 34:379
Cohen J (1962) J Bone Joint Surg 44-A:307
Süry P (1977) Corrosion Sci 17:155
Mears DC (1975) J Biomed Mater Res 9:133
Igual Muňoz A, Mischler S (2007) J Electrochem Soc 154:C562
Hodgson AWE, Kurz S, Virtanen S, Fervel V, Olsson C-OA, Mischler S (2004) Electrochim Acta 49:2167
Metikoš-Huković M, Babić R (2007) Corros Sci 49:3570
Kocijan A, Milošev I, Merl DK, Pihlar B (2004) J Appl Electrochem 34:517
Metikoš-Huković M, Babić R, Omanović D, Milošev I (2007) ECS Trans 2:43
Milošev I, Strehblow HH (2003) Electrochim Acta 48:2767
Metikoš-Huković M, Pilić Z, Babić R, Omanović D (2006) Acta Biomater 2:693
Kocijan A, Milošev I, Pihlar B (2003) J Mater Sci Mater Med 14:69
Milošev I, Strehblow H-H (2000) J Biomed Mater Res 52:404
Milošev I (2002) J Appl Electrochem 32:311
Kocijan A, Milošev I, Pihlar B (2004) J Mater Sci Mater Med 15:643
Valero Vidal C, Igual Muňoz A (2008) Corrosion Sci 50:1954
Valero Vidal C, Olmo Juan A, Igual Muňoz A (2010) J Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 80:1
Karimi S, Nickchi T, Alfantazi A (2011) Corrosion Sci 53:3262
Ouerd A, Alemany-Dumont C, Normand B, Szunerits S (2008) Electrochim Acta 53:4461
Sato N, Ohtsuka T (1978) J Electrochem Soc 125:1735
Burke LD, Lyons ME, Murphy OJ (1982) J Electroanal Chem 132:247
Ismail KM, Badawy WA (2000) J Appl Electrochem 30:1303
Badawy WA, Al-Kharafi FM, Al-Ajmi JR (2000) J Appl Electrochem 30:693
Foelske A, Strehblow H-H (2000) Surf Interface Anal 29:548
Kudo K (1978) In: Frankenthal P, Kruger J (eds) Passivity of metals. Electrochemical Society, Princeton, NJ, p 918
Heusler KE (1978) In: Frankenthal P, Kruger J (eds) Passivity of metals. Electrochemical Society, Princeton, NJ, p 771
Gervasi CA, Biaggio SR, Vilche JR, Ariva AJ (1989) Corros Sci 29:427
Povey AF, Metcalfe AA (1977) J Electroanal Chem 84:73
Wang K, Li Y-S, He P (1998) Electrochim Acta 43:2459
Moffat TP, Latanision RM (1992) J Electrochem Soc 139:1869
Haupt S, Strehblow H-H (1987) J Electroanal Chem 228:365
Melendres CA, Pankuch N, Li YS, Knight RL (1992) Electrochim Acta 37:2747
Schmuki P, Virtanen S, Davenport AJ, Vitus CM (1996) J Electrochem Soc 143:3997
Seo M, Saito R, Saho N (1980) J Electrochem Soc 127:1909
Pourbaix M (1974) Atlas of electrochemical equilibria in aqueous solutions, 2nd edn. NACE, Huston
Bardwell JA, Sproule GI, MacDougall B, Graham MJ (1992) J Electrochem Soc 139:371
Metikoš-Huković M, Ceraj-Cerić M (1987) J Electrochem Soc 134:2193
Lorang G, Da Cunha Belo M, Simoes AMP, Ferreira MGS (1994) J Electrochem Soc 141:3347
Olefjord I, Brox B, Jelvestam U (1985) J Electrochem Soc 132:2854
Piao T, Park S-M (1997) J Electrochem Soc 144:3371
Li Y-S, Wang K, He P, Huang BX, Kovacs P (1999) J Raman Spectrosc 30:97
Codaro EN, Melnikov P, Ramires I, Guastaldi AC (2000) Russ J Electrochem 36:1117
Pound BG (2010) J Biomed Mater Res A 94A:93
Gilbert JL (1998) J Biomed Mater Res 40:233
Haeri M, Goldberg S, Gilbert JL (2010) Corros Sci 53:582
Gilbert JL, Bai Z, Bearinger J, Megremis S (2004) Medical device materials: Proceedings of the materials and processes for medical devices conference. ASM International, Anaheim, p 139
Smith SM, Gilbert JL (1994) In: Kovacs P, Istephanous NS (eds) Proceedings of the symposium on compatibility of biomedical implants, 94-15. The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, p 229
Brown SA, Farnsworth LJ, Merritt K, Crowe TD (1988) J Biomed Mater Res 22:321
Őzçlik F, Gülen J, Akdoğan A, Pişkin S (1999) Prakt Metallogr 36:385
Lewis AC, Heard PJ (2005) J Biomed Mater Res 75A:365
Urban RM, Jacobs JJ, Gilbert JL, Galante JO (1994) J Bone Joint Surg Am 76-A:1345
Ouerd A, Alemany-Dumont C, Berthomé G, Normand B, Szunerits S (2007) J Electrochem Soc 154:C593
Black J (1992) Biological performance of materials. Dekker, New York
Smith RM, Martell AE (eds) (1977) Critical stability constants, vol 3. Plenum, New York
Peters T Jr (1996) All about albumin. Academic Press, San Diego, CA
Sugio S, Kashima A, Mochizuki S, Noda M, Kobayashi K (1999) Protein Eng 12:439
Omanovic S, Roscoe SG (1999) Langmuir 15:8315
Omanovic S, Roscoe SG (2000) J Colloid Interface Sci 227:452
Stupnišek-Lisac E, Metikoš-Huković M, Lenčić D, Forkapić-Furac K (1992) Corrosion 48:924
Jackson DR, Omanovic S, Roscoe SG (2000) Langmuir 16:5449
Alfonso MLCA, Villamil Jaimes RFV, Arêas EPG, Capri MR, Oliveira E, Agostinho SML (2008) Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 317:760
Giacomelli CE, Esplandiú MJ, Ortiz PI, Avena MJ, De Pauli CP (1999) J Colloid Interface Sci 218:404
Kopac T, Bozgeyik K, Yener J (2008) Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 322:19
Ithurbide A, Frateur I, Galtayries P, Marcus P (2007) Electrochim Acta 53:1336
Pradier CM, Kármán F, Telegdi J, Kálman E, Marcus P (2003) J Phys Chem B 107:6766
Reyes L, Bert J, Fornazero J, Cohen R, Heinrich L (2002) Colloids Surf B 25:99
Lu DR, Park K (1991) J Colloids Interface 144:271
Svare CW, Belton G, Korostoff E (1970) J Biomed Mater Res 4:457
Brown SA, Merrit K (1980) J Biomed Mater Res 14:173
Williams RL, Brown SA, Merritt K (1988) Biomaterials 9:181
Merritt K, Brown SA (1988) J Biomed Mater Res 22:111
Clark GCF, Williams DF (1982) J Biomed Mater Res 16:125
Yamauchi O, Odani A (1996) Pure Appl Chem 68:469
Yang J, Black J (1994) Biomaterials 15:262
Woodman JL, Black J, Jiminez SA (1984) J Biomed Mater Res 18:99
Merritt K, Brown SA, Sharkey NA (1984) J Biomed Mater Res 18:991
Merritt K, Brown SA, Sharkey NA (1984) J Biomed Mater Res 18:1005
Hallab NJ, Skipor A, Jacobs JJ (2003) J Biomed Mater Res A 65:311
Hallab NJ, Jacobs JJ, Skipor A, Black J, Mikecz K, Galante JO (2000) J Biomed Mater Res 49:353
Contu F, Elsener B, Böhni H (2002) J Biomed Mater Res 62:412
Contu F, Elsener B, Böhni H (2003) J Biomed Mater Res 67A:246
Hiromoto S, Noda K, Hanawa T (2002) Corrosion Sci 44:955
Hiromoto S, Onodera E, Chiba A, Asami K, Hanawa T (2005) Biomaterials 26:4912
Hsu RW-W, Yang C-C, Huang C-A, Chen Y-S (2005) Mater Chem Phys 93:531
Hanawa T, Hiromoto S, Asami K (2001) Appl Surf Sci 183:68
Lin H-Y, Bumgardner JD (2004) Biomaterials 25:1233
Lewis AC, Kilburn MR, Heard PJ, Scott TB, Hallam KR, Allen GC, Learmonth ID (2006) J Orthop Res 24:1587
Landolt D, Mischler S, Stemp M (2001) Electrochim Acta 46:3913
Virtanen S, Milošev I, Gomez-Barrena E, Trebše R, Salo J, Konttinen YT (2008) Acta Biomater 4:468
Contu F, Elsener B, Böhni H (2003) J Electrochem Soc 150:B419
Hiromoto S, Onodera E, Chiba A, Asami K, Hanawa T (2005) Biomaterials 26:4912
Igual Muňoz A, Mischler S (2011) J Mater Sci Mater Med 22:437
Mischler S (2008) Tribol Int 41:573
Igual Muňoz A, Casabán Julián L (2010) Electrochim Acta 55:5428
Casabán Julián L, Igual Muňoz A (2011) Tribol Int 44:318
Yan Y, Neville A, Dowson D (2007) Tribol Int 40:1492
Yan Y, Neville A, Dowson D, Williams S (2006) Tribol Int 39:1509
Yan Y, Neville A, Dowson D (2006) J Phys D Appl Phys 39:3206
Sun D, Wharton JA, Wood RJK, Ma L, Rainforth WM (2009) Tribol Int 42:99
Band T, Metcalf J, Jones H (2001) J Bone Joint Surg 86-B:402
Bücher R, Fisher A (2003) Materialwissenschaft Werkstofftechnik 234:966
Wimmer MA, Loos J, Nassutt R, Heitkemper M, Fischer A (2001) Wear 250:250
Milošev I, Remškar M (2009) J Biomed Mater Res A 91A:1100
Bücher R, Tager G, Dudinski W, Gleising B, Wimmer MA, Fisher A (2005) J Biomed Mater Res B 72:206
Svanson SAV, Freeman MAR (1977) The scientific basis of joint replacement. Wiley, New York
Salinas-Rodriguez A (1999) ASTM Spl Techn Publ 1365:108
Levitas VI (2004) Europhys Lett 66:687
Scales JT, Winter GD, Shirley HT (1959) J Bone Joint Surg 41-B:810
Scales JT (1971) J Bone Joint Surg Br 53-B:344
Gruen TA, Amstutz HC (1975) J Biomed Mater Res 9:465
Reclaru L, Lerf R, Eschler P-Y, Blatter A, Meyer J-M (2002) Biomaterials 23:3479
Serhan H, Slivka M, Albert T, Kwak SD (2004) Spine J 4:379
Collier JP, Surprenant VA, Jensen RE, Mayor MB, Suprenant HP (1991) Clin Orthop Relat Res 271:305
Collier JP, Surprenant VA, Jensen RE, Mayor MB, Suprenant HP (1992) J Bone Joint Surg 74-B:511
Gilbert JL, Buckley CA, Jacobs JJ (1993) J Biomed Mater Res 27:1533
Gilbert JL, Jacobs JJ (1997) The mechanical and electrochemical processes associated with taper fretting crevice corrosion: a review. In: Marlowe DE, Parr JE, Mayor MB (eds) Modularity of orthopaedic implants. ASTM publication, STP 1301, West Conhohocken, PA, p 45
Goldberg JR, Gilbert JL, Jacobs JJ, Bauer TW, Paprosky W, Leurgans S (2002) Clin Orthop Relat Res 401:149
Cook SD, Barrack RL, Baffes GC, Clemow AJT, Serekian P, Dong N, Kester M (1994) Clin Orthop Relat Res 298:80
Bobyn JD, Duyovne AR, Krygier JJ, Young DL (1993) In: Morrey BF (ed) Biological, material, and mechanical considerations of joint replacement. Raven, New York, p 287
Mathiesen EB, Urban Lindgren J, Blomgren GA, Reinholt FP (1991) J Bone Joint Surg Br 73-B:569
McKellop HA, Sarmiento A, Brien W, Park SH (1992) J Arthroplasty 7:291
Gilbert JL, Buckley CA, Jacobs JJ, Bertin KC, Zernich MR (1994) J Bone Joint Surg 76-A:110
Brown SA, Flemming CAC, Kawalec JS, Placko HE, Vassaux C, Merritt K, Payer JH, Kraay MJ (1995) J Appl Biomater 6:19
Viceconti M, Baleani M, Squarzoni S, Toni A (1997) J Biomed Mater Res 35:207
Salvati EA, Lieberman JR, Huk OL, Evans BG (1995) Clin Orthop Relat Res 319:85
Urban RM, Jacobs JJ, Gilbert JL, Rice SB, Justy M, Bragdon CR, Galante JO (1997) Characterization of solid products of corrosion generated by modular-head femoral stems of different designs and materials. In: Marlowe DE, Parr JE, Mayor MB (eds) Modularity of orthopaedic implants. ASTM publication, STP 1301, West Conhohocken, PA, p 33
Urban RM, Jacobs JJ, Gilbert JL, Galante JO (1994) J Bone Joint Surg 76-B:1345
Huber M, Reinisch G, Trettenhahn G, Zweymüller K, Lintner F (2009) Acta Biomater 5:172
McCarthy JC, Bono JV, O’Donnell PJ (1997) Clin Orthop Relat Res 344:162
Yerby SA, Taylor JK, Park J, Shackelford JF (1996) J Arthroplasty 11:157
Lieberman JR, Rimnac CM, Garvin KL, Klein RW, Salvati EA (1994) Clin Orthop Relat Res 300:162
Kop AM, Swarts E (2009) J Arthroplasty 24:1019
Willert H-G, Brobäck L-G, Buchhorn GH, Jensen PH, Köster G, Lang I, Ochsner P, Schenk R (1996) Clin Orthop Relat Res 333:51
Hodgson AW, Mischler S, Von Rechenberg B, Virtanen S (2007) Proc IMechE H 221:291
Acknowledgments
The valuable technical assistance of Mr. Gregor Žerjav is gratefully acknowledged. High-resolution TEM experiments on CoCr-based particles were carried out by Dr. Maja Remškar. The author thanks the orthopedic surgeons at the Valdoltra Orthopedic Hospital for collaboration on retrieval studies. The financial support by the Slovene Research Agency is greatly appreciates (grants No. P2-0148 and J1-2243).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Milošev, I. (2012). CoCrMo Alloy for Biomedical Applications. In: Djokić, S. (eds) Biomedical Applications. Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, vol 55. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3125-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3125-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3124-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3125-1
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)