Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Differential Diagnosis of Depression and Dementia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook on the Neuropsychology of Aging and Dementia

Part of the book series: Clinical Handbooks in Neuropsychology ((CHNEURO))

Abstract

Cognitive complaints and depressive symptoms are common in older adults. While depressive symptoms may represent a primary mood disorder, they may also reflect the early signs of a dementia. Depression and dementia often differ in terms of their cognitive profile as well as the phenomenology of the depressive symptoms. Neuropsychologists can play an important role in making diagnostic decisions by providing objective assessment of both cognitive and psychological functioning. This chapter reviews considerations for differential diagnosis and provides practical tips for the clinician.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 269.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 349.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Beekman AT, Copeland JR, Prince MJ. Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;174:307–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Mojtabai R, Olfson M. Major depression in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults: prevalence and 2- and 4-year follow-up symptoms. Psychol Med. 2004;34(4):623–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Steffens DC, Fisher GG, Langa KM, Potter GG, Plassman BL. Prevalence of depression among older Americans: the Aging, Demographics and Memory Study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(5):879–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Alexopoulos G. Depression in the elderly. Lancet. 2005;365(9475):1961–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Baldwin RC, Gallagley A, Gourlay M, Jackson A, Burns A. Prognosis of late life depression: a three-year cohort study of outcome and potential predictors. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21(1):57–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Katz IR, Streim J, Parmelee P. Prevention of depression, recurrences, and complications in late life. Prev Med. 1994;23(5):743–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Katon WJ, Lin E, Russo J, Unutzer J. Increased medical costs of a population-based sample of depressed elderly patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(9):897–903.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Wells CE. Pseudodementia. Am J Psychiatry. 1979;136(7):895–900.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Reifler BV. Arguments for abandoning the term pseudodementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1982;30(10):665–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fretter S, Bergman H, Gold S, Chertkow H, Clarfield aM. Prevalence of potentially reversible dementias and actual reversibility in a memory clinic cohort. Can Med Assoc J. 1998;159(6):657–62.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Butters MA, Becker JT, Nebes RD, Zmuda MD, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, et al. Changes in cognitive functioning following treatment of late-life depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(12):1949–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Mattis S, Kakuma T. The course of geriatric depression with “reversible dementia”: a controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(11):1693–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Clarfield AM. The decreasing prevalence of reversible dementias: an updated meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(18):2219–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Becker C, Brobert GP, Johansson S, Jick SS, Meier CR. Risk of incident depression in patients with Parkinson disease in the UK. Eur J Neurol. 2010; (17):1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Josephs KA, Whitwell JL. Parkinson disease and down in the dumps: pumped or stumped? Neurology. 2010;75(10):846–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kao AW, Racine CA, Quitania LC, Kramer JH, Christine CW, Miller BL. Cognitive and neuropsychiatric profile of the synucleinopathies: Parkinson disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2009;23(4):365–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Newman SC. The prevalence of depression in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia in a population sample. J Affect Disord. 1999;52(1–3):169–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Payne JL, Lyketsos CG, Steele C, Baker L, Galik E, Kopunek S, et al. Relationship of cognitive and functional impairment to depressive features in Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. J Neuropsychiatr. 1998;10(4):440–7.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Spalletta G, Musicco M, Padovani A, Rozzini L, Perri R, Fadda L, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and syndromes in a large cohort of newly diagnosed, untreated patients with Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(11):1026–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Okura T, Plassman BL, Steffens DC, Llewellyn DJ, Potter GG, Langa KM. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and their association with functional limitations in older adults in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(2):330–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Verkaik R, Francke AL, van Meijel B, Ribbe MW, Bensing JM. Comorbid depression in dementia on psychogeriatric nursing home wards: which symptoms are prominent? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17(7):565–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Starkstein SE, Jorge R, Mizrahi R, Robinson RG. The construct of minor and major depression in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(11):2086–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Verhey FRJ, Rozendaal N, Ponds RWHM, Jolles J. Dementia, awareness and depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1993;8(10):851–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Verkaik R, Nuyen J, Francke A. The relationship between severity of Alzheimer’s Disease and prevalence of comorbid depressive symptoms and depression: a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(11):1063–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Modrego PJ, Ferrández J. Depression in patients with mild cognitive impairment increases the risk of developing dementia of Alzheimer type: a prospective cohort study. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(8):1290–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Jorm AF. Is depression a risk factor for dementia or cognitive decline? A review. Gerontology. 2000;46(4):219–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Rosenberg PB, Mielke MM, Xue Q-L, Carlson MC. Depressive symptoms predict incident cognitive impairment in cognitive healthy older women. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(3):204–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Pfennig A, Littmann E, Bauer M. Neurocognitive impairment and dementia in mood disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;19(4):373–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Steffens DC, Potter GG. Geriatric depression and cognitive impairment. Psychol Med. 2008;38(2):163–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Roberts RE, Kaplan GA, Shema SJ, Strawbridge WJ. Does growing old increase the risk for depression? Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(10):1384–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gallo JJ, Anthony JC, Muthén BO. Age differences in the symptoms of depression: a latent trait analysis. J Gerontol. 1994;49(6):251–64.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Birrer RB, Vemuri SP. Depression in later life: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69(10):2375–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Boswell EB, Stoudemire A. Major depression in the primary care setting. Am J Med. 1996;101(6A):3S–9S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Manual for the beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23:56–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res. 1982;17(1):37–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Kotlyar M, Dysken M, Adson DE. Update on drug-induced depression in the elderly. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2005;3(4):288–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Mills TL. Comorbid depressive symptomatology: isolating the effects of chronic medical conditions on self-reported depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults. Soc Sci Med. 2001;53(5):569–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ginó S, Mendes T, Maroco J, Ribeiro F, Schmand BA, de Mendonça A, et al. Memory complaints are frequent but qualitatively different in young and elderly healthy people. Gerontology. 2010;56(3):272–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Jessen F, Wiese B, Cvetanovska G, Fuchs A, Kaduszkiewicz H, Kölsch H, et al. Patterns of subjective memory impairment in the elderly: association with memory performance. Psychol Med. 2007;37(12):1753–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Siu AL. Screening for dementia and investigating its causes. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115(2):122–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bieliauskas LA. Depressed or not depressed? That is the question. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1993;15:119–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Chase, TN. Apathy in neuropsychiatric disease: diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. Neurotox Res. 2010, epub ahead of print.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Zgaljardic DJ, Borod JC, Foldi NS, Rocco M, Mattis PJ, Gordon MF, et al. Relationship between self-reported apathy and executive dysfunction in nondemented patients with Parkinson disease. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2007;20(3):184–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Clarke DE, van Reekum R, Simard M, Streiner DL, Conn D, Cohen T, et al. Apathy in dementia: clinical and sociodemographic correlates. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;20(3):337–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Landes AM, DP, Sperry SD, Strauss ME. Prevalence of apathy, dysphoria, and depression in relation to dementia severity in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences. 2005;17:342–9.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Berger AK, Fratiglioni L, Forsell Y, Winblad B, Bäckman L. The occurrence of depressive symptoms in the preclinical phase of AD: a population-based study. Neurology. 1999;53(9):1998–2002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Robert PH, Berr C, Volteau M, Bertogliati C, Benoit M, Sarazin M, et al. Apathy in patients with mild cognitive impairment and the risk of developing dementia of Alzheimer’s disease: a one-year follow-up study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2006;108(8):733–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hattori H, Yoshiyama K, Miura R, Fujie S. Clinical psychological tests useful for differentiating depressive state with Alzheimer’s disease from major depression of the elderly. Psychogeriatrics. 2010;10(1):29–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Landes AM, Sperry SD, Strauss ME, Geldmacher DS. Apathy in Alzheimer’s disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(12):1700–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenberg-Thompson S, Carusi DA, Gornbein J. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology. 1994;44(12):2308–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Marin RS, Biedrzycki RC, Firinciogullari S. Reliability and validity of the apathy evaluation scale. Psychiatry Res. 1991;38(2):143–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Burns A, Folstein S, Brandt J, Folstein M. Clinical assessment of irritability, aggression, and apathy in Huntington and Alzheimer disease. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1990;178(1):20–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Zubenko GS, Zubenko WN, McPherson S, Spoor E, Marin DB, Farlow MR, et al. A collaborative study of the emergence and clinical features of the major depressive syndrome of Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(5):857–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Olin JT, Katz IR, Meyers BS, Schneider LS, Lebowitz BD. Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer disease: rationale and background. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;10(2):129–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, de Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry. 2007;6(3):168–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Alexopoulos GS, Young RC, Meyers BS, Abrams RC, Shamoian CA. Late-onset depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1988;11(1):101–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Brodaty H, Luscombe G, Parker G, Wilhelm K, Hickie I, Austin MP, et al. Early and late onset depression in old age: different aetiologies, same phenomenology. J Affect Disord. 2001;66(2–3):225–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Lamberty GJ, Bieliauskas LA. Distinguishing between depression and dementia in the elderly: A review of neuropsychological findings. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 1993;8:149–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kumar A, Bilker W, Jin Z, Udupa J. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000;22:264–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Langenecker SA, Lee HJ, Bieliauskas LA. Neuropsychology of depression and related mood disorders. In: Grant I, Adams KM, editors. Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatric and neuromedical disorders, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford, 2009;523–59.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Krishnan KR, Hays JC, Tupler LA, George LK, Blazer DG. Clinical and phenomenological comparisons of late-onset and early-onset depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(5):785–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Alexopoulos GS, Young RC, Meyers BS. Geriatric depression: age of onset and dementia. Biol Psychiatry. 1993;34(3):141–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. van Reekum R, Simard M, Clarke D, Binns MA, Conn D. Late-life depression as a possible predictor of dementia: cross-sectional and short-term follow-up results. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;7(2):151–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Song Y, Dowling GA, Wallhagen MI, Lee KA, Strawbridge WJ. Sleep in older adults with Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience. 2010;42(4):190–8.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Buysse DJ. Insomnia, depression and aging. Assessing sleep and mood interactions in older adults. Geriatrics. 2004;59(2):47–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Dykierek P, Stadtmuller G, Schramma P, Bahro M, Vancalker D, Braus D, et al. The value of REM sleep parameters in differentiating Alzheimer’s disease from old-age depression and normal aging. J Psychiatr Res. 1998;32(1):1–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Gallassi R, Oppi F, Poda R, Scortichini S, Stanzani Maserati M, Marano G, et al. Are subjective cognitive complaints a risk factor for dementia? Neurol Sci. 2010;31(3):327–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Reid LM, Maclullich AMJ. Subjective memory complaints and cognitive impairment in older people. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;22(5–6):471–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Crowe SF, Hoogenraad K. Differentiation of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type from depression with cognitive impairment on the basis of a cortical versus subcortical pattern of cognitive deficit. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2000;15(1):9–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. King DA, Caine ED, Conwell Y, Cox C. The neuropsychology of depression in the elderly: a comparative study of normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1991;3(2):163–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Lachner G, Engel RR. Differentiation of dementia and depression by memory tests. A meta-analysis. J Nerv Mental Dis. 1994;182(1):34–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Hartlage S, Alloy LB, Vázquez C, Dykman B. Automatic and effortful processing in depression. Psychol Bull. 1993;113(2):247–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Butters MA, Whyte EM, Nebes RD, Begley AE, Dew MA, Mulsant BH, et al. The nature and determinants of neuropsychological functioning in late-life depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(6):587–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Hickie I, Naismith S, Ward PB, Turner K, Scott E, Mitchell P, et al. Reduced hippocampal volumes and memory loss in patients with early- and late-onset depression. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186:197–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lockwood KA, Alexopoulos GS, Kakuma T, Van Gorp WG. Subtypes of cognitive impairment in depressed older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;8(3):201–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Salloway S, Malloy P, Kohn R, Gillard E, Duffy J, Rogg J, et al. MRI and neuropsychological differences in early- and late-life-onset geriatric depression. Neurology. 1996;46(6):1567–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Elderkin-Thompson V, Mintz J, Haroon E, Lavretsky H, Kumar A. Executive dysfunction and memory in older patients with major and minor depression. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2007;22(2):261–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Blackwell AD, Sahakian BJ, Vesey R, Semple JM, Robbins TW, Hodges JR, Dementia & Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 2004;17(1-2):42–8.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Christensen H, Griffiths K, Mackinnon A. A quantitative review of cognitive deficits in depression and Alzheimer-type dementia Selection of Studies. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1997;3(6):631–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Dierckx E, Engelborghs S, De Raedt R, De Deyn PP, Ponjaert-Kristoffersen I. Differentiation between mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease and depression by means of cued recall. Psychol Med. 2007;37(5):747–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Swainson R, Hodges JR, Galton CJ, Semple J, Michael A, Dunn BD, et al. Early Detection and Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Depression with Neuropsychological Tasks. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2001;12(4):265–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Wecshler D. Wechsler memory scale: fourth edition technical and interpretive manual. San Antonio: Pearson; 2009. p. 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Sahakian BJ, Morris RG, Evenden JL, Heald A, Levy R, Philpot M, et al. A comparative study of visuospatial memory and learning in Alzheimer-type dementia and Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 1988;111:695–718.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Ober BA. The California Verbal Learning Test. 2nd ed. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Gainotti G, Marra C. Some aspects of memory disorders clearly distinguish dementia of the Alzheimer’s type from depressive pseudo-dementia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1994;16(1):65–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Shapiro AM, Benedict RH, Schretlen D, Brandt J. Construct and concurrent validity of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-revised. Clin Neuropsychol. 1999;13(3):348–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Benedict RHB, Schretlen D, Groninger L, Dobraski M, Shpritz B. Revision of the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test: Studies of normal performance, reliability, and validity. Psychol Assess. 1996;8(2):145–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Rey A. L’examen clinique en psychologie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France; 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Warrington EK. Recognition Memory Test manual. Windsor, England: NFER-Nelson; 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Foldi N. Distinct serial position profiles and neuropsychological measures differentiate late life depression from normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Psychiatry Res. 2003;120(1):71–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Kaschel R, Logie RH, Kazén M, Della Sala S. Alzheimer’s disease, but not ageing or depression, affects dual-tasking. J Neurol. 2009;256(11):1860–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Radloff LS. ‘The CES-D scale: A self report depression scale for research in the general population’. Applied Psychological Measurement. 1977;1:385–401.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Zung WW. “A self-rating depression scale”. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1965;12:63–70.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Kashani J, McKnew D, & Cytryn L. Symptom checklist for major depressive disorders (Adapted). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 1985;21:957–958.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clin Gerontol. 1986;June;5(1/2):165–173.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Alexopoulos GA, Abrams RC, Young RC & Shamoian CA: Cornell scale for depression in dementia. Biol Psych, 1988;23:271–284.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Trey Sunderland and Marcia Minichiello. Dementia Mood Assessment Scale. International Psychogeriatrics, 1997;8:329–331.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Hammond MF, O’Keeffe ST, Barer DH. Development and validation of a brief observerrated screening scale for depression in elderly medical patients. Age Ageing. 2000;Nov;29(6):511–5

    Google Scholar 

  101. Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenberg-Thompson S, Carusi DA, Gornbein J. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology 1994;44: 2308–2314.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Mack, J.L., & Patterson, M.B. (1993). CERAD Behavioral Rating Scale for Dementia. CERAD. [Unpublished; Center for Mental Health Services Research, Washington University in St. Louis].

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mental Health Service, Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Healthcare System, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd, Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA

    Linas A. Bieliauskas Ph.D.

  2. Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Lauren L. Drag Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Linas A. Bieliauskas Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lauren L. Drag Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Linas A. Bieliauskas Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. East 72 Street, STE 500 428, New York, 10021, New York, USA

    Lisa D. Ravdin

  2. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, NW. 14th Street 1120, Miami, 33136, Florida, USA

    Heather L. Katzen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bieliauskas, L.A., Drag, L.L. (2013). Differential Diagnosis of Depression and Dementia. In: Ravdin, L., Katzen, H. (eds) Handbook on the Neuropsychology of Aging and Dementia. Clinical Handbooks in Neuropsychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3106-0_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation