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Dendritic Cell–Biomaterial Interactions: Implications for the Onset and Development of the Foreign Body Response

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Biomaterials Associated Infection

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Abstract

Biomaterials are used in several clinical applications. Yet they often induce a strong immune response that can lead to implant malfunction and replacement. Thus, it is of crucial importance to deeply understand the biological response to biomaterials. Here, we focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying biomaterial–dendritic cell (DC) interactions. Biomaterials regulate DC adhesion via podosomes in a β2 integrin-dependent manner. Moreover, they primarily affect DC phenotype and function by impinging on multiple Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. By putting biomaterial–DC interactions (and their consequences) in the context of the foreign body response (FBR), we propose that DCs, whose function has been altered by biomaterials, could be engaged in multiple juxtacrine and paracrine interactions with other immune cells including macrophages and neutrophils. Through this complex intercellular network, DCs could affect the immune response at the implantation site initiating (or sustaining) the series of events leading to the FBR. The detailed knowledge of biomaterial–DC interactions could be exploited to design more inert biopolymers, thus minimizing the FBR or biomaterials that elicit controlled and specific immune reactions.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) of the Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), Pauwelsstrasse, 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany

    Antonio S. Sechi & Behnaz Shokouhi

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  1. Antonio S. Sechi
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  2. Behnaz Shokouhi
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Antonio S. Sechi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, Davos Platz, 7270, Switzerland

    T. Fintan Moriarty

  2. , Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Netherlands

    Sebastian A.J. Zaat

  3. University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, Netherlands

    Henk J. Busscher

Appendix

Appendix

See Table 7.1.

Glossary

Adaptive (or acquired) immune response

The process by which the immune system responds to an infection or vaccination by producing specific antibodies towards foreign antigens.

Antigen presentation

The process by which dendritic cells (and, to a minor ­extent, macrophages and B cells) capture antigens and display them on their surface, thus enabling recognition by T cells.

Apoptosis

A type of specialized cell death by which cells kill themselves. It plays an essential role in many processes such as tissue remodeling during embryonic development.

Biocompatibility

The property of a liquid or a solid substance of being nontoxic and non-dangerous to a living cell or a tissue.

Chemokines

Proteins that activate and stimulate the directional migration of ­immune cells.

Cytokines

Soluble proteins that are secreted by immune cells and that serve to regulate the immune response.

Cytotoxicity

The attribute of a substance of being toxic to living cells.

Foreign body giant cell

A multinucleated cell that is generated by fusion of macrophages in response to the presence of a large foreign body.

Immunological memory

The ability of the immune system to remember a specific antigen and respond rapidly and vigorously to subsequent encounters with the same antigen.

Immunological tolerance

The non-reactivity of the immune system to specific antigens, primarily self-antigens.

Inflammatory response

One of the earliest reactions of the immune system against tissue damage caused by pathogens, trauma, or toxins. It is characterized by pain, localized heat, skin redness, and swelling.

Interleukins

A class of proteins that act to stimulate and regulate the function of several immune cell types.

Major histocompatibility complex

Cell membrane antigens that are the key ­determinant of tissue type and transplant compatibility.

Naïve T cells

A T cell that has not yet encountered its cognate antigen.

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Molecules associated with pathogens that are recognized by TLRs or other pattern recognition receptors.

Phenotype

In a cell, it represents the morphological and biochemical features as determined by its gene expression profile and interactions with the environment.

Podosome

A highly dynamic, actin-rich, ringlike cellular structure frequently formed by dendritic cells and macrophages that is essential for the adhesion and motility of these cells.

Toll-like receptors

A class of surface or endosomal proteins expressed by immune cells that recognize pathogen-associated molecules.

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Sechi, A.S., Shokouhi, B. (2013). Dendritic Cell–Biomaterial Interactions: Implications for the Onset and Development of the Foreign Body Response. In: Moriarty, T., Zaat, S., Busscher, H. (eds) Biomaterials Associated Infection. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1031-7_7

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