Skip to main content

Abstract

The perennial puzzle of a child who reads poorly despite normal intellect and absence of diseases beyond chicken pox and the common cold still defies solution. Dyslexic children have been described, diagnosed, characterized, labeled, classified, and reclassified by educators, pediatricians, neurologists, social scientists, psychologists, educational psychologists, social psychologists, school psychologists, testing psychologists, clinical psychologists, psychiatric psychologists, and finally, neuropsychologists. The unique ways in which these individuals perform are well-documented, yet the problem persists. The most serious consequence of this diversity is the multitude of treatments, remedial training, behavior modification, and medications that are developed to deal with these individuals. Successes have been claimed for all, yet newer techniques are continually being developed and marketed as the process is perpetuated. One gets the impression that virtually every method effects an improvement, yet none works well (or well enough). Thus, more research is deemed necessary, producing even more techniques in a seemingly unending and costly spiral.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amt, S. & Berger, D.E. Cognitive mode and asymmetry in cerebral functioning. Cortex, 1978, 14, 78–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badian, N.A. & Serwer, B.L. The identification of high risk children: A retrospective look at selection criteria. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1975, 8, 283–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, D.J. Temporal order, meaningfulness, and reading ability. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1967, 24, 1027–1030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakwin, H. Reading disability in twins. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1973, 15, 184–187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bentin, S. & Gordon, H.W. Assessment of cognitive asymmetries in brain-damaged and normal subjects: Validation of a test battery. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1979, 42, 715–723.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benton, A. Developmental dyslexia. Advances in Neurology V.7, 1975, 1–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benton, A.L., Levin, H.S., & Varney, N.R. Tactile perception of direction in normal subjects. Neurology, 1973, 23, 1248–1250.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benton, A., Hannay, H.J., & Varney, N.R. Visual perception of line direction in patients with unilateral brain disease. Neurology, 1975, 25, 907–910.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bock, R.D. & Kolakowski, D. Further evidence of sex-linked major-gene influence on human spatial visualizing ability. American Journal of Human Genetics, 1973, 25, 1–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boder, C. Developmental dyslexia: A diagnostic approach based on three atypical reading-spelling patterns. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1973, 15, 663–687.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bogen, J.E. & Gazzaniga, M.S. Cerebral commissurotomy in man: Minor hemisphere dominance for certain visuospatial functions. Journal of Neurosurgery, 1965, 23(4), 394–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bogen, J.E., De Zure, R., Ten Houten, R.D., & Marsh, J.F. The other side of the brain IV: The A/P ratio. Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Societies, 1972, 37, 49–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryden, M.P. Response bias and hemispheric differences in dot localization. Perception and Psychophysics, 1976, 19, 23–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butters, N. & Barton, M. Effect of parietal lobe damage on the performance of reversible operations in space. Neuropsychologia, 1970, 8, 205–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camp, B.W., Van Doornick, W.J., Frankenburg, W.K., & Lampe, J.M. Preschool developmental testing in prediction of school problems. Clinical Pediatrics, 1977, 16, 257–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carmon, A. & Benton, A.L. Tactile perception of direction and number in patients with unilateral cerebral disease. Neurology, 1969, 19, 525–532.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carmon, A. & Nachshon, I. Effect of unilateral brain damage on perception of temporal order. Cortex, 1971, 7, 410–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, G. Hemispheric differences in serial versus parallel processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1973, 97, 349–356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Combe, G. A system of phrenology. Edinburgh: MacLachlan, Stewart & Co., 1843.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Renzi, E. & Scotti, G. The influence of spatial disorders in impairing tactual discrimination of shapes. Cortex, 1969, 5, 53–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Renzi, E., Faglioni, P., & Scotti, G. Tactile spatial impairment and unilateral cerebral damage. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1968, 146, 468–475.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Renzi, E., Faglioni, P., & Scotti, G. Judgment of spatial orientation in patients with focal brain damage. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1971, 34, 489–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Renzi, E., Faglioni, P., & Villa, P. Sequential memory for figures in brain-damaged patients. Neuropsychologia, 1977, 15, 43–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doehring, D.G. & Hoshko, I.M. Classification of reading problems by the Q-technique of factor analysis. Cortex, 1977, 13, 281–294.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Efron, R. Temporal perception, aphasia, and deja vu. Brain, 1963, 86, 403–424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faglioni, P., Scotti, G., & Spinnler, H. The performance of brain-damaged patients in spatial localization of visual and tactile stimuli. Brain, 1971, 94, 443–454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farrar, J.E. & Leigh, J. Factors associated with reading failure. Social Science and Medicine, 1972, 6, 241–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferinden, W.E. & Jacobson, S. Early identification of learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1970, 3, 589–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, J.M. & Satz, P. Developmental changes in neuropsychological correlates of reading achievement: In six-year longitudinal follow-up. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1980, 2, 23–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fountenot, D.J. & Benton, A.L. Tactile perception of direction in relation to hemispheric locus of brain. Neuropsychologia, 1971, 9, 83–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fountenot, D.J. & Benton, A.L. Perception of direction in the right and left visual fields. Neuropsychologia, 1972, 10, 447–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franco, L. & Sperry, R.W. Hemisphere lateralization for cognitive processing of geometry. Neur opsychologia, 1977, 15, 107–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furst, C.J. EEG alpha asymmetry and visuospatial performance. Nature, 1976, 260, 254–255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geffen, G., Bradshaw, J.L., & Wallace, G. Interhemispheric effects on reaction time to verbal and nonverbal visual stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1971, 87, 415–422.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, H.W. Cognitive asymmetry in dyslexic families. Neuropsychologia, 1980, 18, 645–656.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, H.W. Left hemisphere dominance for rhythm elements in dichotically-presented melodies. Cortex, 1978, 14, 58–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagin, R.A., Silver, A.A., & Beecher, H. II TEACH: Learning tasks for the prevention of learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1978, 11, 445–448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagin, R.A., Silver, A.A., & Kreeger, H. TEACH: Tasks for the prevention of learning disability. New York:Walker Educational Book Corporation, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallgren, B. Specific dyslexia. Acta Psychiatrica Neuro-logica Scandanavia (Supplement), 65, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, Y., Nachshon, I., & Carmon, A. Shift of ear superiority in dichotic listening to temporally patterned nonverbal stimuli. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1973, 53, 46–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haring, H.G. & Ridgway, R.W. Early identification of children with learning disabilities. Exceptional Children, 1967, 33, 387–395.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horan, M., Ashton, R., & Minto, J. Using ECT to study hemispheric specialization for sequential processes. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1980, 137, 119–115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Husak, W.S. & Magill, R.A. Correlations among perceptual-motor ability, self-concept and reading achievement in early elementary grades. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1979, 48, 447–450.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J.H.: (1874), Medical press and circular, 1:19 (reprinted in Brain, 1915, 38, 80–103.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Karnes, M.B. Cognitive/psycholinguistic model for educating young handicapped children. In W.M. Cruickshank (Ed.), Approaches to learning. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, A.F. Cerebral specialization and intelligence testing. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 1979, 12, 96–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y., Royer, F., Bonstelle, C., & Boller, F. Temporal sequencing of verbal and non-verbal materials: The effect of laterality of lesion. Cortex, 1980, 16, 135–143.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kímura, D. Spatial localization in left and right visual fields. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 1969, 23, 445–458.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J. Cerebral lateralization and spatial ability. Behavioral Genetics, 1976, 6, 171–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J. & Reid, M. Variations in writing posture and cerebral organization. Science, 1976, 194, 337–339.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J., Trevarthen, C.B., & Sperry, R.W. Perception of chimeric figures following hemisphere deconnexion. Brain, 1972, 95, 61–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, I.Y., Shankweiler, D., Fischer, F.W., & Carter, B. Explicit syllable and phoneme segmentation in the young child. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1974, 18, 201–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mattis, S., French, J.H., & Rapin, I. Dyslexia in children and young adults: Three independent neurological syndromes. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1975, 17, 150–163.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milner, B. & Taylor, L.B. Right hemisphere superiority in tactile pattern after cerebral commissurotomy. Neuropsychologia, 1972, 10, 1–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naidoo, S. Specific dyslexia. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nebes, R.D. Superiority of the minor hemisphere in commissurotomized man for the perception of part-whole relations. Cortex, 1971, 7, 333–349.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nebes, R.D. Dominance of the minor hemisphere in commissurotomized man on a test of figurai unification. Brain, 1972, 95, 633–638.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ornstein, R., Johnstone, J., Herron, J., & Swencionis, C. Differential right hemisphere engagement in visuospatial tasks. Neuropsychologia, 1980, 18, 49–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orton, S.T. Visual functions in strephosymbolia. Archives of Ophthalmology, 1943, 30, 707–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, O., Vega, A., & Burn, J. Different psychological effects of lateralized brain damage. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1968, 33, 551–587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, A. & Zangwill, O.L. Disorders of visual space perception associated with lesions of the right cerebral hemisphere. Brain, 1944, 67, 331–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piercy, M. & Smythe, V.O.G. Right hemisphere dominance for certain nonverbal intellectual skills. Brain, 1962, 85, 775–790.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliff, G. Spatial thought, mental rotations and the right cerebral hemisphere. Neuropsychologia, 1979, 17, 49–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richman, L.C. & Lindgren, S.D. Patterns of intellectual ability in children with verbal deficits. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1980, 8, 65–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzolatti, G., Umilta, C., & Berlucchi, G. Opposite superiorities of the right and left cerebral hemispheres in discriminative reaction time to physiognomical and alphabetical material. Brain, 1971, 94, 431–442.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rourke, B.P. & Orr, R.R. Prediction of the reading and spelling performance of normal and retarded readers: A four-year follow-up. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1977, 5, 9–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rugel, R.P. WISC Subtest scores of disabled readers: A review with respect to Bannatyne’s recategorization. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1974, 7, 48–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satz, P. & Sparrow, S. Specific developmental dyslexia: A theoretical formulation. In D. Bakker & P. Satz (Eds.), Special reading disability. Rotterdam, Rotterdam University Press: 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satz, P., Taylor, H.G., Friel, J., & Fletcher, J.M. Some developmental and predictive precursors of reading disabilities: A six year follow-up. In A.L. Benton & D. Pearl (Eds.), Dyslexia: An appraisal of current knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serwer, B.J., Shapiro, B.J., & Shapiro, P.P. Achievement prediction of “high risk” children, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1972, 35, 347–354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M.D., Coleman, J.M., Dokecki, P.R., & Davis, E.E. Recategorized WISC-R scores of learning disabled children, Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1977, 10, 437–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tallal, P. & Piercy, M. Defects of nonverbal auditory perception in children with developmental aphasia. Nature, 1973, 241, 468–469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, H.G., Satz, P., & Friel, J. Developmental dyslexia in relation to other childhood reading disorders: significance and clinical utility. Reading Research Quarterly, 1979, 15, 84–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Umilta, C., Bagnara, S., & Simion, F. Laterality effects for simple and complex geometric figures, and nonsense patterns. Neuropsychologia, 1978, 16, 43–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umilta, C., Rizzolatti, G., Marzi, C.A., Zamboni, G., Franzini, C., Camardo, R., & Berlucchi, G. Hemispheric differences in the discrimition of line orientation. Neuropsychologia, 1974, 12, 165–174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vellutino, F.R. Toward an understanding of dyslexia: Psychological factors in specific reading disability. In A.L. Benton & D. Pearl (Eds.), Dyslexia: An appraisal of current knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warrington, E.K. & Rabin, P. Perceptual matching in patients with cerebral lesions. Neuropsychologia, 1970, 8, 475–487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witelson, S.F. Hemispheric specialization for linquistic and nonlinquistic tactual perception using a dichotomous stimulation technique. Cortex, 1974, 10, 3–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witelson, S.F. Developmental dyslexia: Two right hemispheres and none left. Science, 1977, 195, 309–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witkin, H.A., Goodenough, D.R., & Karp, S.A. Stability of cognitive style from childhood to young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1967, 7, 291–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaidel, D. & Sperry, R.W. Performance on the Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices test by subjects with cerebral commissurotomy. Cortex, 1973, 9, 34–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaidel, E. Lexical organization in the right hemisphere. In P. Buser & A. Rougeul-Buser (Eds.), Cerebral correlates of conscious experience INSERM symposium No. 6. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zangwill, O.L. Cerebral dominance and its relations to psychological function. Felinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gordon, H.W. (1984). Dyslexia. In: Tarter, R.E., Goldstein, G. (eds) Advances in Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9844-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9844-8_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9846-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9844-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics