Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Immunodiagnosis in Man

  • Chapter
Trichinella and Trichinosis

Abstract

The parasite Trichinella spiralis has its whole life cycle in one host. Definite proof of infection resides in the demonstration of muscle larvae. The contact between the host and the parasite during the infection results in a variety of host-parasite interactions including stimulation of specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Protective immunity is developed, but as in many other parasitic infections, immune protection is not complete. It is clearly T-cell-dependent (reviewed by Wakelin, 1978), and a number of observations indicate that antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity may be involved. It has been shown that specific circulating antibodies belong to various immunog- lobulin classes, predominantly IgG but also IgM and IgA. In man, a high level of total IgE has occasionally been demonstrated (Rosenberg et al., 1971; Ljungström, 1974; Pattersson et al., 1975; Barrett-Connor et al., 1976; Matossian et al., 1977) and, in a few cases, specific IgE antibodies (Stumpf et al., 1981). Data on specific cell-mediated immunity provoked by T. spiralis in human are very limited. A few workers (Sladki, 1960; Chicoine et al., 1966) have reported delayed-type hypersensitivity using skin tests in the diagnosis of trichinosis in epidemiological studies, but the significance of the delayed reaction is not known. In experimentally infected animals or animals immunized with T. spiralis antigen, delayed hypersensitivity including macrophage inhibition has been

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ali-Khan, Z., 1974, Glutaraldehyde fixed-antigen sensitized stable cells in indirect hemagglutination test for rapid diagnosis of hydatid disease, trichinosis and amoebiasis, Int. J. Parasitol. 4: 549–554.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R.I., Sadun, E.H., and Schoenbechler, M.J., 1963, Cholesterol-lecithin slide (TsSF) and charcoal card (TsCC) flocculation tests using an acid-soluble fraction of Trichinella spiralis larvae, J. Parasitol. 49: 642–647.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Augustine, D.L., and Theiler, H., 1932, Precipitin and skin tests as aids in diagnosing trichinosis, Parasitology 24: 60–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, G.W., 1928a, A precipitin test in experimental trichiniasis, J. Prev. Med. 2: 35–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, G.W., 1928b, An intradermal reaction in experimental trichiniasis, J. Prev. Med. 2: 169–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baratawidjaja, R.K., Hewson, A., and Labzoffsky, N.A., 1963, Fluorescent antibody staining in the serodiagnosis of trichinosis, Can. J. Microbiol. 9: 625–628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett-Connor, E., Davis, C.F., Hamburger, R.N., and Kagan, I., 1976, An epidemic of trichinosis after injestion of wild pig in Hawaii,J. Infect. Dis. 133: 473–477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barriga, O., 1977, Reactivity and specificity of Trichinella spiralis fractions in cutaneous and serological tests,J. Clin. Microbiol. 6: 274–279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyden, S.V., 1951, The adsorption of proteins on erythrocytes treated with tannic acid and subsequent hemagglutination by antiprotein sera,J. Exp. Med. 93: 107–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bozicevich, J., Tobie, J.E., Thomas, E.H., Hoyem, H.M., and Ward, S.B., 1951, A rapid flocculation test for the diagnosis of trichinosis, Public Health Rep. 66: 806–814.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brzosko, W., Gracarz, Z., and Nowoslawski, A., 1965, Immunofluorescence in the serological diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis infection, Exp. Med. Microbiol. 17: 355–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, C.H., 1955, The antigenic role of the excretions and secretions of Trichinella spiralis in the production of immunity in mice,J. Parasitol. 41: 483–491.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson, J., Drevin, H., and Axén, R., 1978, Protein thiolation and reversible protein-protein conjugation: N-Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate, a new heterobi-functional reagent, Biochem. J. 173: 723–737.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chicoine, L., Proulx, C, Lafleur, L., and Tanner, C.E., 1966, Trichinosis: An epide-miological study in children using five immunological methods, Can. J. Public Health 57: 357–365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chroust, K., and Dubansky, V., 1970, The indirect fluorescent antibody method in experimental trichinosis diagnostics, Acta Vet. (Brno) 39: 157–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chroust, K., Dubansky, V., and Piskac, A., 1966, Fluorescent antibody studies of muscle larvae Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835), Sb. Vys. Sk. Zemed. Brne, 14: 505–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crandall, R.B., and Crandall, A.C., 1972, Trichinella spiralis: Immunologic response to infection in mice, Exp. Parasitol. 31: 378–398.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denham, D.A., and Martinez, A.R., 1970, Studies with methyridine and Trichinella spiralis. 2. The use of the drug to study the rate of larval production in mice,J. Helminthol. 44: 357–363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Despommier, D.D., 1974, The stichocyte of Trichinella spiralis during morphogenesis in the small intestine of the rat, in: Trichinellosis (C.W. Kim, ed.), Intext, New York, pp. 239–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Despommier, D.D., and Laccetti, A., 1981, Trichinella spiralis: Proteins and antigens isolated from a large-particle fraction derived from the muscle larva, Exp. Parasitol. 51: 279–295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Despommier, D.D., and Müller, M., 1970, Functional antigens of Trichinella spiralis, J. Parasitol. 56(Sect. II, Part 1): 76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Despommier, D.D., and Müller M., 1976, The stichosome and its secretion granules in the mature muscle larva of Trichinella spiralis, J. Parasitol. 62: 775–785.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Despommier, D.D., Müller, M., Jenks, B., and Fruitstone, M., 1974, Immunodiagnosis of human trichinosis using counterelectrophoresis and agar gel diffusion techniques, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 23: 41–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Despommier, D.D., Campbell, W.C., and Blair, L.S., 1977, The in vivo and in vitro analysis of immunity to Trichinella spiralis in mice and rats, Parasitology 74: 109–119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dzbinski, T.H., Plonka, W.S., and Jedrzejewska, B., 1974, Use of radioimmunoelectro-osmophoresis for the diagnosis of human trichinosis, Experientia 30: 1269–1270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellens, D.J., and Gielkens, L.J., 1980, A simple method for the purification of 5-aminosalicylic acid: Application of the product as substrate in enzyme-linked immu-nosorbent assay (ELISA),J. Immunol. Methods 37: 325–332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elwing, H., and Nilsson, L.-Ä., 1980, Diffusion-in-gel thin layer immunoassay (DIG-TIA): Optimal conditions for quantification of antibodies, J. Immunol. Methods 38: 257–268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elwing, H., and Nygren, H., 1979, Diffusion-in-gel-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DIG-ELISA): A simple method for quantitation of class-specific antibodies, J. Immunol. Methods 31: 101–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elwing, H., Nilsson, L.-Å., and Ouchterlony, Ö., 1976, Visualization principles in thin-layer immunoassays (TIA) on plastic surfaces, Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 51: 757–762.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elwing, H., Nilsson, L.-Å., and Ouchterlony, Ö., 1977, A simple spot technique for thin layer immunoassays (TIA) on plastic surfaces,J. Immunol. Methods 17: 131–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engelbrecht, E., 1966, Diagnosis of recent and long standing Trichinella spiralis infections by means of immunofluorescence tests, Arch. Roum. Pathol. Exp. Microbiol. 25: 831–848.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engvall, E., and Ljungström, I., 1975, Detection of human antibodies to Trichinella spiralis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect C 83: 231–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engvall, E., and Perlmann, P., 1971, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA: Quantitative assay of immunoglobulin G, Immunochemistry 8: 871–874.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engvall, E., and Perlmann, P., 1972, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA. III. Quantitation of specific antibodies by enzyme-labeled anti-immunoglobulin in antigen-coated tubes, J. Immunol. 109: 129–135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engvall, E., and Rouslahti, E., 1979, Principles of ELISA and recent applications to the study of molecular interactions, in: Laboratory and Research Methods in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (R.M. Nakamura, W.R. Dito, and E.S. Tucker III, eds.), Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 89–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engvall, E., Jonsson, K., and Perlmann, P., 1971, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. II. Quantitative assay of protein antigen, immunoglobulin G, by means of enzyme-labeled antigen and antibody-coated tubes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 251: 427–434.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gocke, D.J., and Howe, C., 1970, Rapid detection of Australia antigen by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, J. Immunol. 104: 1031–1032.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S.E. (ed.), 1945, Trichinosis, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenbury, C.L., Moore, D.H., and Nunn, L.A.C., 1963, Reaction of 7S and 19S components of immune rabbit antisera with human group A and AB red cells, Immunology 8: 421–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove, D.I., Hamburger, J., and Warren, K.S., 1977, Kinetics of immunological responses, resistance to reinfection and pathological reactions to infection with Trichinella spiralis, J. Infect. Dis. 136: 562–570.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huldt, G., Ljungström, I., and Aust-Kettis, A., 1975, Detection by immunofluorescence of antibodies to parasitic agents: Use of class-specific conjugates, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 254: 304–314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Innella, F., and Redner, W. J., 1959, Latex agglutination serologic test for trichinosis,J. Am. Med. Assoc. 171: 885–887.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail, M., Draper, C, Ouchterlony, Ö., Nilsson, L.-Å., and Terry, R., 1979, A comparison between a new serological method, thin-layer immunoassay (TIA), and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies in schistosomiasis, Parasite Immunol. 1: 251–258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, G.J., 1959, Fluorescent antibody studies of Trichinella spiralis infections,J. Infect. Dis. 105: 97–117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, I.G., 1960, Trichinosis: A review of biologic, serologic, and immunologie aspects, J. Infect. Dis. 107: 65–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, I.G., and Bargal. U., 1956, Studies on the serology of trichinosis with hemagglutination, agar diffusion tests and precipitin ring tests, J. Parasitol. 42: 237–245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, I.G., and Norman, L.G., 1970, The serology of trichinosis, in: Trichinosis in Man and Animals (S.E. Gould, ed.), Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 222–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, G.J., Matossian, R., and Batty, I., 1971, Fluorochrome-labeled anti-immunoglobulin fractions used with stabilized antigen preparations for the assessment of parasitic diseases, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 177: 134–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kozar, M., Kozar, Z., and Karmanska, K., 1964, The comparative evaluation of some agglutination tests in the diagnosis of trichinellosis, Wiad. Parazytol. 10: 717–737.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kozar, Z., Karmanska, K., and Kozar, M., 1966, Indirect fluorescent antibody test with isolated Trichinella spiralis larvae, Wiad. Parazytol. 12: 637–642.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kozek, W.J., and Crandall, C.A., 1974, Immunogenicity of the stichosome of Trichinella spiralis in mice, in: Trichinellosis (C.W. Kim, ed.), Intext, New York, pp. 231–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsh, J.E., and Weatherly, N.F., 1974, Studies on delayed (cellular) hypersensitivity in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. IX. Delayed dermal sensitivity in artifically sensitized donors,J. Parasitol. 60: 93–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungström, I., 1974, Antibody response to Trichinella spiralis, in: Trichinellosis (C.W. Kim, ed.), Intext, New York, pp. 449–459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ljungström, L, 1979, Trichinella spiralis: Formation of specific antibodies and modulation of the immune response, Ph.D. thesis, University of Stockholm, Sweden, 17 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ljungström, I., and Ruitenberg, E.J., 1976, A comparative study of the immunohistological and serological response of intact and T cell-deprived mice to Trichinella spiralis, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 24: 146–156.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungström, I., Engvall, E., and Ruitenberg, E.J., 1974, ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay—a new technique for serodiagnosis of trichinosis, Parasitology 69: xxiv.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie, C.D., Preston, P.M., and Ogilvie, B.M., 1978, Immunological properties of the surface of parasitic nematodes, Nature (London) 276: 826–828.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matossian, R.M., Salti, I., and Stephan, E., 1977, Variation in serum immunoglobulin levels in acute trichinosis,J. Helminthol. 51: 1–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mauss, E.A., 1940, The in vitro effect of immune serum upon Trichinella spiralis larvae, Am. J. Hyg. 32(Sect. D): 80–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melcher, L.R., 1943, An antigenic analysis of Trichinella spiralis, J. Infect. Dis. 73: 31–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, C.K., and Kent, N.H., 1965, Excretions and secretions of Trichinella spiralis and their role in immunity, Exp. Parasitol. 16: 300–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muraschi, T.F., Bloomfield, N., and Newman, R.B., 1962, A slide latex-particle agglutination test for trichinosis, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 37: 227–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, L.-Å., Björck, L., Capron, A., Elwing, H., and Ouchterlony, Ö., 1980a, Application of thin layer immunoassay (TIA) as a serodiagnostic tool in schistosomiasis: A preliminary report, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74: 201–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, L.-Å., Petchclal. B., and Elwing, H., 1980b, Application of thin layer immunoassay (TIA) for demonstration of antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29: 524–529.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, P., Bergquist, N.R., and Grundy, M.S., 1981, A technique for preparing defined conjugates of horseradish peroxidase and immunoglobulin,J. Immunol. Methods 41: 81–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norman, L., and Kagan, I., 1963, Bentonite latex and cholesterol flocculation tests for the diagnosis of trichinosis, Public Health Rep. 78: 227–239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norman, L., and Kagan, I., 1975, An evaluation of crude and fractionated trichina antigens in the diagnosis of trichinosis, Bol. Chil. Parasitol. 30: 58–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie, B.M., Philipp, M., Jungery, M., Maizels, R.M., Worms, M.J., and Parkhouse, R.M.E., 1980, The surface of nematodes and the immune response of the host, in: The Host-Invader Interplay (H. Van den Bossche, ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 99–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver-Gonzalez, J., 1940, The in vitro action of immune serum on the larvae and adults of Trichinella spiralis, J. Infect. Dis. 67: 292–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ottesen, E.A., Smith, T.K., and Kirkpatrick, C.H., 1975, Immune response to Trichinella spiralis in the rat. I. Development of cellular and humoral responses during chronic infection, Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 49: 396–410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parkhouse, R.M.E., Philipp, M., and Ogilvie, B.M., 1981, Characterization of surface antigens of Trichinella spiralis infective larvae, Parasite Immunol. 3: 339–352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pattersson, R., Robert, M., Slonka, G., and McAninch, J., 1975, Studies on immunoglobulins, bentonite flocculation and IgE, IgG and IgM antibodies in serum from patients with trichinosis, Am. J. Med. 58: 787–793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillip, M., Parkhouse, R.M.E., and Ogilvie, B.M., 1980, Changing proteins on the surface of a parasitic nematode, Nature (London) 287: 538–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price, S.G., and Weiner, L.M., 1956, Use of hemagglutination in the diagnosis of trichinosis, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 26: 1261–1269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, E.B., Polman, S.H., and Whalen, G.E., 1971, Increased circulating IgE in trichinosis, Ann. Intern. Med. 75: 575–578.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, H., 1941, The in vitro action of trichina larvae in immune serum—a new precipitin test in trichinosis, Acta pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 18: 160–167.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruitenberg, E.J., Ljungström, I., Steerenberg, P.A., and Buys, J., 1975a, Application of immunofluorescence and immunoenzyme methods in the serodiagnosis of Trichinella spiralis infection, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 254: 296–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruitenberg, E.J., Steerenberg, P.A., and Brosi, B.J.M., 1975b, Microsystem for the application of ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) in the serodiagnosis of Trichinella spiralis infections, Medicon Nederl. 4: 30–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadun, E.H., Anderson, R.I., and Williams, J.S., 1962, Fluorescent antibody test for the serological diagnosis of trichinosis, Exp. Parasitol. 12: 423–433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sladki, E., 1960, The importance of intradermal test to diagnose the hidden and protracted forms of trichinellosis in the light of focal infection, Wiad. Parazytol. 6: 346–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ströbel, H., 1911, Die Serodiagnositic der Trichinosis, Muench. Med. Wochenschr. 58: 672–674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stumpf, J., Undeutsch, K., and Landcraf, H., 1981, Results of the clinical and serological diagnosis of an epidemic of Trichinella spiralis, in: Trichinellosis (C.W. Kim, E.J. Ruitenberg, and J.S. Teppema, eds.), Reedbooks, Chertsey, England, pp. 279–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suessenguth, H., and Kline, B.A., 1944, A simple rapid flocculation slide test for trichinosis in man and in swine, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 14: 471–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sultzer, A.J., 1965, Indirect fluorescent antibody tests for parasitic diseases. 1. Preparation of a stable antigen from larvae of Trichinella spiralis, J. Parasitol. 51: 717–721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Svehag, S.-E., 1964, The formation and properties of poliovirus-neutralizing antibody. IV. Normal antibody and early immune antibody of rabbit origin: A comparison of biological and physicochemical properties, J. Exp. Med. 119: 517–535.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takatsy, G., 1955, The use of spiral loops in serological and virological micromethods, Acta Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 3: 191–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsotsos, A.S., and Corbitt, G., 1973, Radioimmunoelectroosmophoresis, a technique combining immunoelectrophoresis with autoradiography; applications to virology, J. Immunol. Methods 3: 53–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Weemen, B.K., and Schuurs, A.H.W.M., 1971, Immunoassay using antigen-enzyme conjugates, FEBS Lett. 15: 232–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Weemen, B.K., and Schuurs, A.H.W.M., 1972, Immunoassay using hapten-enzyme conjugates, FEBS Lett. 24: 77–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vernes, A., Floch, F., Biguet, J., and Tailliez, R., 1975, Experimental trichinosis. I. The course of delayed hypersensitivity in the CBA mouse and Wistar rat, Int. J. Parasitol. 5: 63–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakelin, D., 1978, Immunity to intestinal parasites, Nature (London) 273: 617–620.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wegesa, P., Sulzer, A.J., and van Orden, A., 1971, A slide antigen in the indirect fluorescent antibody test for Trichinella spiralis, Immunology 21: 805–808.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witebsky, E., Wels, P., and Heide, A., 1942, Serodiagnosis of trichinosis by means of complement fixation, N. Y. State J. Med. 42: 431–435.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Parasitology, National Bacteriological Laboratory, S-105 21, Stockholm, Sweden

    Inger Ljungström

Authors
  1. Inger Ljungström
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, Rahway, New Jersey, USA

    William C. Campbell

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ljungström, I. (1983). Immunodiagnosis in Man. In: Campbell, W.C. (eds) Trichinella and Trichinosis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3578-8_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3578-8_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-3580-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-3578-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation