Abstract
There is a worldwide explosion in telecommunications and particularly in the use of mobile communications. New technologies are being developed that will facilitate even greater growth in future telecommunications systems. For example, the last decade has witnessed a tremendous increase in the cellular telephone industry, and in the coming years new personal communications systems will become widespread. In the United States the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is responsible for regulating telecommunications by all users except the U.S. Federal Government itself. The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the U. S. Department of Commerce regulates use of the radiofrequency (RF) spectrum by the U.S. Government.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adair, E.R., Co-Chairman, IEEE SCC-28 (1993) Letter to Thomas P. Stanley, FCC, October 11, 1993.
ANSI (1982) American National Standard Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 300 kHz to 100 GHz. ANSI C95.1–1982.
ANSI/IEEE (1992) Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. IEEE C95.1–1991, adopted by the American National Standards Institute as ANSI/IEEE C95.1–1992. Copies can be obtained in the United States from the IEEE, telephone [1] 800 678 4333.
Cleveland, R.F., Jr. (1994) Radiofrequency Radiation in the Environment: Sources, Exposure Standards and Related Issues, in Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields, Vol. 1 (Sources and Mechanisms), (eds D.O. Carpenter and S. Ayrapetyan), Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA.
Cleveland, R.F., Jr., Sylvar, D.M., Ulcek, J.L. et al. (1995) Measurement of Radiofrequency Fields and Potential Exposure from Land-mobile Paging and Cellular Radio Base Station Antennas. Presented at 17th Annual Meeting, Bioelectromagnetics Society, Boston, Massacusetts, U. S. A.
Curtis, R.A., OSHA Health Response Team (1995) Elements of a Comprehensive RF Protection Program: Role of RF Measurements. Presentation at National Association of Broadcasters Broadcast Engineering Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, April 12, 1995.
EEA (1994) Information from briefing given by the Electromagnetic Energy Association for the FCC and the FDA, December 12, 1994.
EPA (1986) Federal Radiation Protection Guidance — Proposed Alternatives for Controlling Public Exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation. Notice of Proposed Recommendations, 51 Federal Register, No. 146, pp. 27 318–27 339, July 30, 1986.
EPA (1993) Radiofrequency Radiation Conference, sponsored by EPA, Office of Air and Radiation and Office of Research and Development. April 26–27, 1993, Bethesda, Maryland, U. S. A.
FCC (1985a) Report and Order, Gen. Docket 79–144, 100 FCC 2d 543, and Memorandum Opinion and Order, 50 Federal Register 38653.
FCC (1985b) Evaluating Compliance with FCC-specified Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation. OET Bulletin, 65.
FCC (1987) Second Report and Order, Gen. Docket 79–144, 2 FCC Record 2064 and 2 FCC Record 2526.
FCC (1989) Questions and Answers about Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Radiation. OET Bulletin, 56, Third Edition.
FCC (1993) Guidelines for Evaluating the Environmental Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation. Notice of Proposed Rule Making, ET Docket 93–62, 8 FCC Record 2849, 58 Federal Register 19393.
FCC (1994a) Memorandum Opinion and Order, Gen. Docket 90–314. Amendment of the Commission’s Rules to Establish New Personal Communications Services at para. 245–249, 9 FCC Record 4957. See also, 47 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Section 24.52.
FCC (1994b) Report and Order, ET Docket 92–28. Amendment of Section 2.106 of the Commission’s Rules to Allocate the 1610–1626.5 MHz and 2483.5–2500 MHz Bands for Use by the Mobile-Satellite Service, Including Non-geostationary Satellites at para. 32–35, 9 FCC Record 536.
FDA (1981) Perform7ance Standards for Microwave and Radio Frequency Emitting Products, 21 CFR 1030.10 (as amended).
FDA (1993) Update on Cellular Phones. FDA Talk Paper, February 4, 1993. U. S. Food and Drug Administration, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland 20857, U. S. A.
FDA (1995) Workshop sponsored by FDA and Wireless Technology Research, L.L.C., March 17, 1995.
GAO (1994) Status of Research on the Safety of Cellular Telephones, November 1994.
Gill, L.J., Office of Science and Technology, CDRH, FDA (1993) Comments to the FCC in ET Docket 93–62, November 10, 1993.
Guimond, R., EPA, (1988) Letter to Robert Cleveland, FCC, September 28, 1988.
Jacobson, E., CDRH, FDA (1994) Letter to Richard Smith, FCC, December 12, 1994.
Loehr, R.C. et al., EPA Science Advisory Board (1992) Letter to William K. Reilly, Administrator, EPA, January 29, 1992.
NCRP (1986) Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields. NCRP Report, 86, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, U. S. A.
Oge, M.T., Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, EPA (1993) Comments to the FCC in ET Docket 93–62, November 9, 1993.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Chapman & Hall
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cleveland, R.F. (1997). Regulatory activities in the U. S. A.. In: Kuster, N., Balzano, Q., Lin, J.C. (eds) Mobile Communications Safety. Telecommunications Technology & Applications Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1205-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1205-5_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8511-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1205-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive