Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Lecanoralean Centrum

  • Chapter
Ascomycete Systematics

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Microbiology ((SSMIC))

Abstract

The Lecanorales are considered to be the typical lichenized discomycetes, including most of the lichen families with fruit bodies in the form of apothecia. All the large foliose lichens and the majority of the large fruticose lichens belong to this group. The order is characterized by an ascohymenial development, inoperculate asci, and the consistency and duration of the hymenium. The fruit bodies are long lived; their hymenium is strongly gelatinized with the paraphyses cemented together by mucilage. Earlier, a unitunicate structure and amyloid reaction of the ascus were mentioned as further important features of the order. However, the restriction of the amyloid reaction to the hymenial gelatin or its complete absence has since become known for many members of the order, and recent electron microscopy studies (Honegger, 1978) have given the final proof for the existence of bitunicate asci in some genera. The last mentioned are bitunicate in the functional sense of Luttrell (1951), with a gliding site between the ascus outer and its expansive inner layer. For the varying use of the term “bitunicate” in the literature, see Honegger (1978).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bachmann, F., 1912. A new type of spermogonium and fertilization in Collema. Ann. Bot. 26: 747–767.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachmann, F., 1913. The origin and development of the apothecium in Collema pulposum (Berh.) Ach. Arch. Zellf. 10: 369–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baur, E., 1898. Zur Frage der Sexualität der Collemaceen. Ber Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 15: 365–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baur, E., 1904. Untersuchungen über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Flechtenapothecien. I. Bot. Z. 62: 21–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellemère, A., 1967. Contribution a l’étude de développement de l’apothécie chez les discomycètes inoperculés. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 83: I-IV, 395–931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corner, E. J. H., 1929a. Studies in the morphology of discomycetes. I. The marginal growth of apothecia. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 14: 261–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corner, E. J. H., 1929b. II. The structure and development of the ascocarp. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 14: 275–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Degelius, G., 1931. Zur Flechtenflora von Ångermanland. Arkiv Bot. 24: 1–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Degelius, G., 1954. The lichen genus Collema in Europe. Symb. Bot. Upsala 13: 1–499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Degelius, G., 1974. The lichen genus Collema with special reference to the extra-European species. Symb. Bot. Upsala 20: 1–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dughi, R., 1954. L’excipulum proprium des apothécies des discolichens. Rev. Bryol. Lichénol. 23: 300–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dughi, R., 1956. Apareils apicaux des asques et taxonomie des Collema. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 243: 1911–1913.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, E., 1936. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Umbilicariaceen Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 45: 198–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fünfstück, M., 1884. Thallusbildung an den Apothecien von Peltigera aphthosa. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 2: 447–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goebel, K., 1926. Morphologische und biologische Bemerkungen. Flora NF 21: 177–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., 1963a. Eine Revision der Flechtenfamilien Lichinaceae und Ephebaceae. Symb. Bot. Upsala 18: 1–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., 1963b. The North American species of Massalongia and generic relationships. Can. J. Bot. 41: 1331–1346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., 1963c. The North American species of Placynthium. Can. J. Bot. 41: 1687–1724.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., 1965. A review of the genera of the Collemataceae with simple spores (excluding Physma). Lichenologist 3: 29–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., 1968a. A new Lichinodium species from British Columbia. Bryologist 71: 271–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., 1968b. Eine neue Lichinella-Art aus Nordamerika (Lichenes). Nova Hedw. 15: 543–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., 1969. Die Entstehung des Thallusrandes bei den Pannariaceen (Lichenes). Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 82: 235–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., 1970. Die Apothecienentwicklung bei Umbilicaria Hoffm. emend. Frey. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. NF 4: 103–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., 1973. New or interesting cyanophilic lichens. I. Lichenologist 5: 444–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., 1975. Ontogenesis of the ascocarp in the lichen genus Steinera. Abstract of the Seventh International Botanical Congress, Vol. 1, p. 61. Leningrad, Russia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., 1976. Studies in the developmental morphology of lichenized ascomycetes. In D. H. Brown, D. L. Hawksworth, and R. H. Bailey (Eds.), Lichenology: Progress and Problems. New York, Academic Press, pp. 107–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., 1977. The genus Zahlbrucknerella. Lichenologist 9: 17–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., 1979. New species of Homothecium and Ramalodium from S America. Bot. Notiser 132: 257–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., 1980. (1979). Problematik der Gattungsbegrenzung bei den Lichinaceen. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 92: 483–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., and P. W. James, 1980. Parmeliella duplomarginata, a new lichen from New Zealand. Mycotaxon 11: 217–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henssen, A., and H. M. Jahns, 1974. Lichenes, eine Einfuhrung in die Flechtenkunde. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honegger, R., 1978. The ascus apex in lichenized fungi. The Lecanora, Peltigera, and Teloschistes types. Lichenologist 10: 47–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jahns, H. M., 1970a. Untersuchungen zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Cladoniaceen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Podetien-Problems. Nova Hedw. 20: 1–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahns, H. M., 1970b. Induktion der Apothecienbildung bei Cladia aggregata. (Sw.) Nyl. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 83: 33–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahns, H. M., 1970c. Remarks on the taxonomy of the European and North American species of Pilophorus. Th. Fr. Lichenologist 4: 199–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jahns, H. M., 1973. The trichogynes of Pilophorus strumaticus. Bryologist 76: 414–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, P. W., and A. Henssen, 1975. A new species of Psoroma with sorediate cephalodia. Lichenologist 7: 143–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, P. W., and A. Henssen, 1976. The morphological and taxonomic significance of cephalodia In D. H. Brown, D. L. Hawksworth, and R. H. Bailey, (Eds.), Lichenology: Progress and Problems. Academic Press, New York, pp. 27–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kershaw, K. A., and Millbank, J. W., 1970. Isidia as vegetative propagules in Peltigera aphthosa var. variolosa (Massai.) Thorns. Lichenologist 4: 234–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keuck, G., 1977. Ontogenetisch-systematische Studie über Erioderma im Vergleich mit anderen cyanophilen Flechtengattungen. Bibliotheca Lichenologica Bd. 6, J. Cramer, Vaduz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, I. M., 1951. On the morphology, physiology and taxonomy of the lichen genus Stereocaulon. Can. J. Bot. 29: 522–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, I. M., 1964. Antarctic lichens. I. The genera Usnea, Ramalina, Himantormia, Alectoria, Cornicularia. Br. Antarct. Surv. Sci. Rept. 38, pp. 1–34 and Appendix.

    Google Scholar 

  • Letrouit-Galinou, M. A., 1966. Recherches sur l’ontogénie et l’anatomie comparées des apothécies de quelques discolichens. Rev. Bryol. Lichénol. 34: 413–588.

    Google Scholar 

  • Letrouit-Galinou, M. A., 1971. Étude sur le “Lobaria laetevirens” (Lght.) Zahlb. (Discolichen, Stictacée). I. Le thalle, les apothécies, les asques. Le Botaniste, Sér. 54: 189–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Letrouit-Galinou, M. A., and Lallemant, R., 1970a. Les apothécies et les asques du Parmelia conspersa (Discolichen, Parmeliacée). Bryologist 73: 39–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Letrouit-Galinou, M. A., and R. Lallemant, 1970b. Le développement des apothécies du Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach., Lichen, Néphromacée. Rev. Gén. Bot. 77: 331–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Letrouit-Galinou, M. A., and R. Lallemant, 1971. Le thalle, les apothécies et les asques du Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. (Discolichen, Peltigeracée). Lichenologist 5: 59–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Llano, G. E., 1950. A monograph of the lichen family Umbilicariaceae in the western hemisphere. Navexos P-831. Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luttrell, E. S., 1951. Taxonomy of the pyrenomycetes. Univ. Missouri Studies No. 24, pp. 1–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone, C. P., 1977. Developmental morphology of Caloplaca ulmorum, C. cerina, and Xanthoria elegans. Mycologia 69: 740–749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreau, F., and M. Moreau, 1929. Les phénomènes cytologiques de la reproduction chez les champignons des lichens. Le Botaniste, Sér. 2: 1–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser-Rohrhofer, M., 1969. Wachstumszonen des vegetativen Flechtenthallus und des Ascophors einiger Flechtenpilze. Céska Mykol. 23: 15–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poelt, J., 1974. (1973). Classification. In V. Ahmadjian and M. E. Hale (Eds.), The Lichens. Academic Press, New York, pp. 599–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poelt, J., and H. Wunder, 1967. Über biatorinische und lecanorinische Berandung von Flechtenapothecien, untersucht am Biespiel der Caloplaca ferruginea-Gruppe. Bot. Jahrb. 86: 256–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santesson, R., 1944. Contributions to the lichen flora of South America. Ark. Bot: 31A, no. 7: 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santesson, R., 1952. Foliicolous lichens. I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symb. Bot. Upsala 12: 1–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholander, P., 1934. On the apothecia in the lichen family Ümbilicariaceae. Nytt. Mag. Naturo. 75: 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahl, E., 1877a. Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Flechten. 1. Über die geschlechtliche Fortpflanzung der Collemaceen. Felix, Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahl, E., 1877b. Beiträge zur Engwicklungsgeschichte der Flechten. 2. Über die Bedeutung der Hymenialgonidien. Felix, Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturgis, W. C., 1890. On the carpologic structure and the development of the Collemaceae and allied groups. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 25: 15–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vergleich de Apothecienentwicklung und Pycnidenstruktur von vier usneoiden Flechten (U. subfloridana, U. fasciata, U. magellanica, U.sp.) and Letharia. Staatsexamensarbeit, Universität Marburg, Germany (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura, L, 1971. The genus Lobaria of Eastern Asia. J. Hatori Bot. Lab. 34: 231–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahlbruckner, A., 1907. Lichenes. In A. Engler and K. Prantl (Eds.), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Vol. A. Spezieller Teil. B. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 49–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahlbruckner, A., 1926. Catalogus lichenum universalis, Vol. 4. Borntraeger, Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. A. Henssen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G. Keuck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. B. Renner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. G. Vobis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Natural History Museum, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California, 90007, USA

    Don R. Reynolds

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Henssen, A., Keuck, G., Renner, B., Vobis, G. (1981). The Lecanoralean Centrum. In: Reynolds, D.R. (eds) Ascomycete Systematics. Springer Series in Microbiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5844-5_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5844-5_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-5846-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5844-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation