Abstract
The ecosystems of the Pacific Northwest are part of the global environment. As such, not only are they affected by global processes but they also, in turn, affect regional and global processes. Changing climate may influence the distribution of species and their growth and also the dynamics of water and nutrients in specific watersheds and across the landscape. Management of natural resources must account for global processes in an organized and coherent manner to maintain their long-term vitality.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bazzaz, F.A., and R.W. Carlson. 1984. The response of plants to elevated C02. I. Competition among an assemblage of annuals at two levels of soil moisture. Oecologia (Berlin) 62: 196–198.
Besford, R.T.. and D.W. Hand. 1989. The cffccts of CO2 enrichment and nitrogen oxides on some Calvin enzymes and nitrite reductase on glasshouse lettuce. Journal of Experimental Botany 40: 329–336.
Brown. J.H., and B.A. Maurer. 1989. Macroecology: the division of food and space among species on continents. Science 243: 1145–1150.
Carter, D.R., and K.M. Peterson. 1983. Effects of a CO2-renriched atmosphere on the growth and competitive interaction of a C3 and a C4 grass. Oecologia (Berlin) 58: 188–193.
Cates, R.L., Jr., and D.R. Kccney. 1987. Nitrous oxide emission from native and reestablished prairies in southern Wisconsin. American Midland Naturalist 117: 35–42.
Committee on International Science’s Task Force on Global Biodiversity. 1989. Loss of biological diversity: a global crisis requiring international solutions. Report to the National Science Board. National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., USA.
Crutzen, P.J., and M.O. Andreae. 1990. Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochcmical cycles. Science 250: 1669–1678.
Cure, J.D. 1985. C02 doubling responses: a crop survey. Pages 101–116 in B.R. Strain and J.D. Cure, editors. Direct effects of increasing C02 on vegetation. United States Department of Energy DOE/ER-0238, Washington, D.C., USA.
Curtis, P.S., B.G. Drake. P.W. Leadley, W.J. Arp, and D.F. Whigham. 1989. Growth and senescence in plant communities exposed to elevated C02 concentrations on an estuarine marsh. Oecologia (Berlin) 78: 20–26.
Davis, M.B. 1984. Climatic instability, time lags, and community disequilibrium. Pages 269–284 in W.C. Clark and R.E. Munn, editors. Community ecology. Harper and Row, New York, New York, USA.
Davis, M.B. 1988. Ecological systems and dynamics. Pages 69–106 in Committee on Global Change, editors. Toward an understanding of global change. National Academy Press. Washington. D.C., USA.
Earthquest. 1990. Volume 4, Number 2. Office for Interdisciplinary Studies. International Center for Atmospheric Research. Boulder. Colorado, USA.
Emanuel. W.R., H.H. Shugart, and M.P. Stevenson. 1985. Climatic change and the broad-scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes. Climatic Change 7: 30–43.
Fajer, E.D. 1989. The effects of enriched C02 atmospheres on plant-insect herbivore interactions: growth responses of larvae of the specialist butterfly, Junonia coenia (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae). Oecologia (Berlin) 81: 514–520.
Global Change. 1990. The International Gcosphere-Biosphere Programme: a study of Global Change. The initial core projects. Report 12. Stockholm, Sweden.
Houghton. J.T., G.J. Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraums. editors. Climate change: the IPCC scientific assessment. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England.
Matthews, E., and I. Fung. 1987. Methane emission from natural wetlands: global distribution, area, and environmental characteristics of sources. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 1: 61–86.
McNeely. J.A. 1990. Climate change and biological diversity: policy implications. Pages 406–429 in M.M. Boer and R.S. de Groot, editors. Landscape-ecological impact of climate change. IOS Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Minshall, G.W. 1988. Stream ecosystem theory: a global perspective. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 7: 263–288.
Neilson. R.P. 1991. Climatic constraints and issues of scale controlling regional biomcs. Pages 31–51 in M.M. Holland. P.G. Risser. and R.J. Naiman, editors. The role of landscape boundries in the management and restoration of changing environments. Chapman and Hall. New York, New York, USA.
Pastor, J., and W.M. Post. 1988. Response of northern forests to C02-induced climate change. Nature 334: 55–58.
Peters. R.L., and J.D.S. Darling. 1985. The greenhouse effect and nature reserves. Bioscience 35: 707–717.
Revelle, R.R., and P.E. Waggoner. 1989. Effects of climate change on water supplies in the western United States. Pages 151–160 in D.E. Abrahamson. editor. Challenge of global warming. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
Rodhe, H. 1990. A comparison of the contributions of various gases to the greenhouse effect. Science 248: 1217–1219.
Rosswall, T., R.G. Woodmansee, and P.G. Risser. 1988. Scales and global change: spatial and temporal variability in biospheric and geospheric processes. SCOPE 35. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England.
Schindler, D.W., K.G. Beaty, E.J. Fee, D.R. Cniikshank, E.R. De Bruyn, D.L. Findlay, G.A. Linsey, J.A. Shearer, M.P. Stainton, and M.A. Turner. 1990. Effects of climatic wanning on lakes of the central boreal forest. Science 250: 967–970.
Schlesinger, W.H., J.F. Reynolds, G.L. Cunningham, L.E. Huenneke, W.M. Jarrell. R. A. Virginia, and W.G. Whitford. 1990. Biological feedbacks in global desertification. Science 247: 1043–1048.
Strain, B.R. 1985. Background on the response of vegetation to atmospheric enrichment. Pages 118–154 in B.R. Strain, and J.D. Cure, editors. Direct effects of increasing C02 on vegetation. United States Department of Energy DOE/ER- 0238, Washington, D.C., USA.
Swetnam. T.W., and J.L. Betancourt. 1990. Fire-Southern Oscillation relations in the southwestern United States. Science 249: 1017–1020.
Tans, P.P., I.Y. Fung, and T. Takahashi. 1990. Observational constraints on the global atmospheric C02 budget. Science 247: 1431–1438.
Tissue. D.T., and W.C. Oechel. 1987. Responses of Eriophorum vaginutum to elevated C02 and temperature in the Alaskan tussock tundra. Ecology 68: 401–410.
Trolley, L.C., and B.R. Strain. 1985. Effects of C02 enrichment and water stress on gas exchange of Liquidambar styraciflua and Pinus taeda seedlings grown under different irradiance levels. Oecologia (Berlin) 65: 166–172.
United States National Committee for the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program. 1988. Toward an understanding of global change: initial priorities for U.S. contributions to the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program. National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
United States National Committee for the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program. 1990. Research strategies for the U.S. Global Change Research Program. National Research Council. National Academy Press. Washington. D.C., USA.
Zangerl, A.R., and F.A. Bazzaz. 1984. The response of plants to elevated C02. 11. Competitive interactions among annual plants under varying light and nutrients. Oecologia (Berlin) 62: 412–417.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Risser, P.G. (1992). Impacts on Ecosystems of Global Environmental Changes in Pacific Northwest Watersheds. In: Naiman, R.J. (eds) Watershed Management. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4382-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4382-3_2
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-94232-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4382-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive