Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Copper

  • Chapter
Inorganic Contaminants of Surface Water

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Environmental Management ((SSEM))

Abstract

Copper occurs in the earth’s crust at an average concentration of approximately 50 mg/kg, principally as a sulfide, both as the simple sulfide and in numerous sulfide minerals. Although the primary copper mineral is chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), metallic copper, chalcocite (CuS2), and bornite are also economically important. Copper is essential in many enzymatic reactions in mammals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abuzkhar, A.A., A.S. Gibali, Y.I. Elmerik, and R. Ahmatullah. 1987. Chemical monitoring of sewage wastes for their use in crop protection. I. solid sludge as a soil amendment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 8:127–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajmal, M., and R. Uddin. 1986a. Studies on heavy metals in the ground waters of the City of Aligarh U.P. (India). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 6:181–194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ajmal, M., and R. Uddin. 1986b. Quality of drinking water in the Aligarh Muslim University campus, Aligarh, U.P. (India) with respect to heavy metals. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 6:195–205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ajmal, M., R. Khan, and A.U. Khan. 1987. Heavy metals in water, sediments, fish and plants of river Hindon, U.P., India. Hydrobiologia 148:151–157.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Water Works Association. 1985. An AWWA survey of inorganic contaminants in water supplies. Journal of the American Water Works Association 77:67–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R.V. 1977. Concentration of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in thirty-five genera of freshwater macroinvertebrates from the Fox River, Illinois and Wisconsin. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18:345–349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf, M., and M. Jaffer. 1988. Correlation between some selected trace metal concentrations in six species offish from the Arabian Sea. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41:86–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azcue, J.M.P., W.C. Pfeiffer, M., Fiszman, and O. Maim. 1988. Heavy metal removal by different water treatment plants in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Environmental Technology Letters 9:429–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belanger, S.E., J.L. Farris, and D.S. Cherry. 1989. Effects of diet, water hardness, and population source on acute and chronic copper toxicity to Ceriodaph-nia dubia. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18:601–611.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beukema, A.A., G.P. Hekstra, and C. Venema. 1986. The Netherlands’ environmental policy for the North Sea and Wadden Sea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 7:117–155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyden, C.R., and M.G. Romeril. 1974. A trace metal problem in pond oyster culture. Marine Pollution Bulletin 5:74–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brkovic-Popovic, I., and Popovic. 1977. Effects of heavy metals on survival and respiration rate of tubificid worms. I. Effects on survival. Environmental Pollution 13:65–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, V.M. 1968. The calculation of the acute toxicity of mixtures of poisons to rainbow trout. Water Research 10:555–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunner, P.H., and H. Monch. 1986. The flux of metals through municipal solid waste incinerators. Waste Management and Research 4:105–119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campanella, L., E. Cardarelli, T. Ferri, B.M. Petronia, and A. Pupella. 1987a. Evaluation of heavy metals speciation in an urban sludge. I. batch method. Science of the Total Environment 61:217–228.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campanella, L., E. Cardarelli, T. Ferri, B.M. Petronia, and A. Pupella. 1987b. Evaluation of heavy metals speciation in an urban sludge. II. column method. Science of the Total Environment 61:229–234.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Water Quality Guidelines. 1987. Canadian Council for Resource and Environment Ministers. Environment Canada, Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capelli, R., and V. Minganti. 1987. Total mercury, organic mercury, copper, manganese, selenium, and zinc in Sarda sarda from the Gulf of Genoa. Science of the Total Environment 63:83–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carson, B.L., H.V. Ellis, and J.L. McCann. 1987. Toxicology and biological monitoring of metals in humans. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI. 328 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, G.A. 1978. Toxicities of cadmium, copper and zinc to four juvenile stages of chinook salmon and steelhead. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107:841–847.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conklin, M.H., and M.R. Hoffmann. 1988. Metal ion-sulfur (IV) chemistry. 1. structure and thermodynamics of transient copper (II)-sulfur (IV) complexes. Environmental Science and Technology 22:883–891.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cordero, R. 1988. Metal Bulletin’s prices and data 1988. Metal Bulletin Books, Surrey, England. 375 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Kock, W.C. 1986. Monitoring bio-available marine contaminants with mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) in the Netherlands. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 7:209–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De March, B.G.E. 1988. Acute toxicity of binary mixtures of five cations (Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, and K+) to the freshwater amphipod Gammarus lacustris (Sars): alternative descriptive models. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45:625–633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeLeon, LR., C.J. Byrne, E.A. Peuler, S.R. Antoine, J. Schaeffer, and R.C. Murphy. 1986. Trace organic and heavy metal pollutants in the Mississippi River. Chemosphere 15:795–805.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demon, A., M. De Bruin, and H.T. Wolterbeek. 1988. The influence of pH on trace element uptake by an alga (Scenedesmus pannonicus subsp. berlin) and fungus (Aureobasidium pullulans). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 10:165–173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denton, G.R.W., and C. Burdon-Jones. 1986. Trace metals in fish from the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 17:201–209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty, G. 1988. Heavy metal concentrations in bivalves from Fiji’s coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:81–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drbal, K., K. Veber, and J. Zahradnik. 1985. Toxicity and accumulation of copper and cadmium in the alga Scenedesmus obliquus LH. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 34:904–908.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Federal Register. 1985. National primary drinking water regulations. Federal Register 50:46936–47022.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fillpek, L.H., D.K. Nordstrom, and W.H. Ficklin. 1987. Interaction of acid mine drainage with waters and sediments of West Squaw Creek in the West Shasta mining district, California. Environmental Science and Technology 21: 388–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Florence, T.M., and J.L. Stauber. 1986. Toxicity of copper complexes to the marine diatom Nitzschia closterium. Aquatic Toxicology 8:11–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R.S., P.S. Vanderkooy, C.E. McLennan, and N.M. Mercer. 1987. Contribution of tap water to mineral intakes of Canadian preschool children. Archives of Environmental Health 42:165–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gounon, J., and A. Milhau. 1986. Analysis of inorganic pollutants emitted by the City of Paris garbage incineration plants. Waste Management and Research 4:95–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S.L. 1989. Interactive effects of nitrogen and copper on growth of cyano-bacterium Microcystis. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42:270–275.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagel, P. 1986. Monitoring of pollutants in Dutch fishery products. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 7:257–262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J., F.P. Healey, and G.G.C. Robinson. 1989. The interaction of chronic toxicity with nutrient limitation in chemostat cultures of Chlorella. Aquatic Toxicology 14:15–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, F.L., J.P. Knezovich, and D.W. Rice. 1984. The toxicity of copper to the adult and early life stages of the freshwater clam, Corbicula manilensis. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 13:85–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haug, A., S. Melsom, and S. Omang. 1974. Estimation of heavy metal pollution in two Norwegian fjord areas by analysis of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Environmental Pollution 7:179–192.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hering, LG., and F.M.M. Morel. 1988. Humic acid complexation of calcium and copper. Environmental Science and Technology 22:1234–1237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K.S., P.M. Stout, W.M. Berelson, and CM. Sakamoto-Arnold. 1988. Cobalt and copper distributions in the waters of Santa Monica Basin, California. Nature 332:527–530.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, A.T., J.S. Weis, and L. D’Andrea. 1989. Bioaccumulation of four heavy metals in two populations of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42:339–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khangarot, B.S., P.K. Ray, and K.P. Singh. 1988. Influence of copper treatment on the immune response in an air-breathing teleost, Saccobranchus fossilis. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41:222–226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krezoski, S., J. Laib, P. Onana, T. Hartmann, P. Chen, C.F. Shaw, and D.H. Petering. 1988. Presence of Zn, Cu-binding protein in liver of freshwater fishes in the absence of elevated exogenous metal: relevance to toxic metal exposure. Marine Environmental Research 24:147–150.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauren, D.J., and D.G. McDonald. 1987a. Acclimation to copper by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri: physiology. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:99–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauren, D.J., and D.G. McDonald. 1987b. Acclimation to copper by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri: biochemistry. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:105–111.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T.A., and J.K. Hardy. 1987. Copper uptake by the water hyacinth. Journal of Environmental Science and Health 22:141–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Legorburu, L, L. Canton, E. Millan, and A. Casado. 1988. Trace metal levels in fish from Urola River (Spain), Anguillidae, Mugillidae and Salmonidae. Environmental Technology Letters 9:1373–1378.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lema, J.M., R. Mendez, and R. Blazquez. 1988. Characteristics of landfill leachates and alternatives for their treatment: a review. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 40:223–250.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Artiguez, M., M.L. Soria, and M. Repetto. 1989. Heavy metals in bivalve molluscs in the Huelva Estuary. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42:634–642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luoma, S.N., and D.J.H. Phillips. 1988. Distribution, variability, and impacts of trace elements in San Francisco Bay. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:413–425.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lustigman, B., J. Korky, A. Zabady, and J.M. McCormick. 1985. Absorption of Cu++ by long-term cultures of Dunaliella salina, D. tertiolecta, and D. viridis. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35:362–367.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luther, G.W., Z. Wilk, R.A. Ryans, and A.L. Meyerson. 1986. On the speciation of metals in the water column of a polluted estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin 17:535–542.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mantoura, R.F.C., A. Dickson, and J.P. Riley. 1978. The complexation of metals with humic materials in natural waters. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 6:387–408.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLeese, D.W., and S. Ray. 1986. Toxicity of CdCl2, CdEDTA, CuCl­2, and CuEDTA to marine invertebrates. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36:749–755.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mudroch, A., L. Sarazin, and T. Lomas. 1988. Summary of surface and background concentrations of selected elements in the Great Lakes sediments. Journal of Great Lakes Research 14:241–251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nemcsok, J.G., and G.M. Hughes. 1988. The effect of copper sulphate on some biochemical parameters of rainbow trout. Environmental Pollution 49:77–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nevissi, A.E., F.B. DeWalle, J.F.C. Sung, K. Mayer, and R. Dalsey. 1988. Heavy metal variability of different municipal sludges as measured by atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. Journal of Environmental Science and Health 23:823–841.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nriagu, J.O. 1989. A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals. Nature 338:47–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nriagu, J.O., and J.M. Pacyna. 1988. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature 333:134–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, B., V.S. Bangera, S. Patel, and M.C. Balani. 1985. Heavy metals in the Bombay Harbour area. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16:22–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, H.G., F.P. Healey, and R. Wagemann. 1984. Metal toxicity to algae: a highly pH dependent variable. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41:974–979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poulton, D.J. 1987. Trace contaminant status on Hamilton Harbour. Journal of Great Lakes Research 13:193–201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramelow, G.J., R.S. Maples, R.L. Thompson, C.S. Mueller, C. Webre, and J.N. Beck. 1987. Periphyton as monitors of heavy metal pollution in the Calcasieu River Estuary. Environmental Pollution 43:247–261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, N.M., and P.V. Rao. 1987. Copper toxicity to the fresh water snail, Lymnaea luteola. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39:50–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadig, M., and I. Alam. 1989. Metal concentrations in pearl oyster, Pinctada radiata, collected from Saudi Arabian coast of the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42:111–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samanidou, V., and K. Fytianos. 1987. Partitioning of heavy metals into selective chemical fractions in sediments from rivers in northern Greece. Science of the Total Environment 67:279–285.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sathyanathan, B., S.M. Nair, J. Chacko, and P.N.K. Namoisan. 1988. Sublethal effects of copper and mercury on some biochemical constituents of the estua-rine clam Villorita cyprinoides var. cochinensis (Hanley). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40:510–516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schock, M.R., and C.H. Neff. 1988. Trace metal contamination from brass fittings. Journal of the American Water Works Association 80:47–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sears, J.R., K.J. Pecci, and R.A. Cooper. 1985. Trace metal concentrations in offshore, deep-water seaweeds in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16:325–328.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Segner, H. 1987. Response of fed and starved roach, Rutilus rutilus, to sublethal copper contamination. Journal of Fish Biology 30:423–437.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seim, W.K., L.R. Curtis, S.W. Glenn, and G.A. Chapman. 1984. Growth and survival of developing steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) continuously or intermittently exposed to copper. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41:433–438.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seng, C, P. Lim, and T. Ang. 1987. Heavy metal concentrations in coastal seawa-ter and sediments off Prai industrial estate, Penang, Malaysia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:611–612.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinex, S.A., and D.A. Wright. 1988. Distribution of trace metals in the sediments and biota of Chesapeake Bay. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:425–431.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.R. 1985. Copper exposure and ciliary function in gill tissue of Mytilus californianus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35:556–563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soderlund, S., A. Forsberg, and M. Pedersen. 1988. Concentrations of cadmium and other metals in Fucus vesiculosus L. and Fontinalis dalecarlica Br. Eur. from the northern Baltic Sea and the southern Bothnian Sea. Environmental Pollution 51:197–212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starodub, M.E., P.T.S. Wong, C.I. Mayfield, and Y.K. Chau. 1987. Influence of complexation and pH on individual and combined heavy metal toxicity to a freshwater green alga. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:1173–1180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stauber, J.L., and T.M. Florence. 1985a. The influence of iron on copper toxicity to the marine diatom, Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenberg) W. Smith. Aquatic Toxicology 6:297–305.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stauber, J.L., and T.M. Florence. 1985b. Interactions of copper and manganese: a mechanism by which manganese alleviates copper toxicity to the marine diatom, Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenberg) W. Smith. Aquatic Toxicology 7:241–254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenner, R.D., and G. Nickless. 1974. Absorption of cadmium, copper, and zinc by dog whelks in the Bristol Channel. Nature 247:198–199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stettler, L.E., J.E. Proctor, S.F. Platek, R.J. Carolan, R.J. Smith, and H.M. Donaldson. 1988. Fibrogenicity and carcinogenic potential of smelter slags used as abrasive blasting substitutes Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 25:35–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sung, J.F.C., A.E. Nevissi, and F.B. DeWalle. 1986. Concentration and removal efficiency of major and trace elements in municipal wastewater. Journal of Environmental Science and Health 21:435–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, G.J., and A.A. Crowder. 1983. Accumulation of atmospherically deposited metals in wetland soils of Sudbury, Ontario. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 19:29–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tessier, A., P.G.C. Campbell, and M. Bisson. 1980. Trace metal speciation in the Yamaska and St. Francois Rivers (Quebec). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 17:90–105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, C, and K. Chang. 1984. Intraspecific variation in copper susceptibility of the bluegill sunfish. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 13:93–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • US Minerals Yearbooks. 1930-1989. Bureau of Mines, US Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • V.-Balogh, K., D.S. Fernandez, and J. Salanki. 1988. Heavy metal concentrations of Lymnaea stagnalis L. in the environs of Lake Balaton (Hungary). Water Research 22:1205–1210.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vas, P., and J.D.M. Gordon. 1988. Trace metal concentrations in the scyliorhinid shark Galeus melastomus from the Rockall Trough. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:396–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W. 1986. Toxicity tests of aquatic pollutants by using common duckweed. Environmental Pollution 11:1–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watling, H.R., and R.J. Watling. 1983. Sandy beach molluscs as possible bioindi-cators of metal pollution. 1. Field survey. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31:331–338.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, N.E., L. Huynh-Ngoc, and S.R. Aston. 1988. Trace metals in two north Mediterranean rivers. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 42:7–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolmarans, CT., W.J. van Aardt, and J. Coetzee. 1986. Histopathological effects of copper on selected epithelial tissues of snails. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36:906–911.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, M.H. 1986. Reclamation of wastes contaminated by copper, lead, and zinc. Environmental Management 10:707–713.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, D.A., and CD. Zamuda. 1987. Copper accumulation by two bivalve molluscs: salinity effect is independent of cupric ion activity. Marine Environmental Research 23:1–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, T.C, J.V. DePinto, and T.W. Kipp. 1987. Adsorption and desorption of Zn, Cu, and Cr by sediments from the Raisin River (Michigan). Journal of Great Lakes Research 13:353–336.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zingde, M.D., M.A. Rokade, and A.V. Mandalia. 1988. Heavy metals in Mind-hola River estuary, India. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:538–540.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Box 42, Vegreville, Alberta, TOB 4LO, Canada

    Jame W. Moore

Authors
  1. Jame W. Moore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moore, J.W. (1991). Copper. In: Inorganic Contaminants of Surface Water. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3004-5_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3004-5_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7755-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3004-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation