Abstract
Pain-relieving operations directed at the peripheral nervous system have a historic basis in the practice of surgery, because they were among the first invasive strategies attempted for pain control. The various procedures used currently have received sporadic attention in the literature, and in many cases there is no consensus on the current standard of practice with respect to a given operation. In some instances, the data is fairly conclusive that a particular operation is ineffective and should be abandoned. However, in several cases indications need to be refined or restated. In others, the available data is insufficient to either support or refute a neurosurgical approach for pain reduction.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Osier W. The Principles and Practice of Medicine. New York: D. Appleton and Co; 1892:963.
Pare A. The Collected Works of Ambroise Pare. London; 1634.
Odier L. Manual de Medicine Practique. Geneva; 1911.
Wood W. Observations on neuromas, with cases and histories of the disease. Trans Med Chir Soc Edinb. 1828;3:68.
Burchiel KJ, Ochoa JL. Pathophysiology of injured axons. In: Surgical Management of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Entrapment, Neurosurgery Clinics. Burchiel K, ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1991;2:105–116.
Devor M. Neuropathic pain and injured nerve: peripheral mechanisms. Br Med Bull. 1991;47:619–630.
Webber RH, Wemett A. Distribution of fibers from nerve cell bodies in ventral spinal nerves. Acta Anat. 1966;65:579–583.
Wall PD. Neuropathic pain and injured nerve: central mechanisms.
Tasker RR. Pain resulting from central nervous system pathology (central pain). In: Bonica JJ, ed. The Management of Pain. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1990:264–283.
Ochs G, Schenk M, Struppler A. Painful dysaesthesias following peripheral nerve injury: a clinical and electrophysiological study. Brain Res. 1989;496:228–240.
Synek VM. Short latency somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with painful dysaesthesias in peripheral nerve lesions. Pain. 1987;29:49–58.
Noordenbos W, Wall PD. Implications of the failure of nerve resection and graft to cure chronic pain produced by nerve lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1981;44:1068–1073.
White JC, Kjellberg RN. Posterior spinal rhizotomy, a substitute for cordotomy in the relief of localized pain in patients with normal life expectancy. Neurochirurgia. 1973;16:141–170.
Mitchell SW. Injuries to nerves and their consequences. Philadelphia: JP Lippincott; 1872.
Ochoa J, Torebjork HE. Sensations evoked by intraneural microstimulation of single mechanoreceptor units innervating the human hand. J Physiol (Load). 1983;342:33–54.
Campbell JN, Raja SN, Meyer RA, Mackinnon SE. Myelinated afferents signal the hyperalgesia associated with nerve injury. Pain. 1988;32:89–94.
Mucke L, Maciewicz R. Clinical management of neuropathie pain. Neurolog Clin. 1987;5:649–663.
Neumann MM. Nonsurgical management of pain secondary to peripheral nerve injuries. Orthop Clin North Am. 1988;19:165–174.
Amer S, Meyerson BA. Lack of analgesic effect of opioids on neuropathie and idiopathic forms of pain. Pain. 1988;33:11–23.
Sherman RA. Published treatments of phantom limb pain. Am J Phys Med. 1980;59:232–244.
Sherman RA, Sherman CJ, Parker L. Chronic phantom and stump pain among American veterans: results of a survey. Pain. 1984;18:83–95.
Jaeger S, Singer DI, Whitenack SH. Nerve injury complications: management of neurogenic pain syndromes. Hand Clin. 1986;2:217.
Kirvela O, Nieminen S. Treatment of painful neuromas with neurolytic blockade. Pain. 1990;41: 161–165.
Brandner MD, Buncke HJ, Campagna-Pinto D. Experimental treatment of neuromas in the rat by retrograde axoplasmic transport of ricin with selective destruction of ganglion cells. J Hand Surg (Am). 1989;14:710–714.
Portenoy RK. Painful polyneuropathy. Neurolog Clin. 1989;7:265–288.
Mackinnon SE, Dellon AL. Surgery of the Peripheral Nerve. New York: Thieme; 1988.
Battista A, Cravioto H. Neuroma formation and prevention by fascicle ligation in the rat. Neurosurgery. 1981;8:191–204.
Cravioto H, Battista A. Clinical and ultrastructural study of painful neuroma. Neurosurgery. 1980; 8:181–190.
Gonzalez-Darder J, Barbera J, Alamo J, Garcia-Varquez F. Fascicular ligation in the prevention and treatment of painful terminal neuroma: an experimental study in the rat. Neurosurgery. 1987;21: 215–217.
Ascher PW. Newest ultrastructural findings after the use of a CO2 laser on CNS tissue. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1979;28:572–581.
Shapiro S, Woodall B, Muller J. Comparative study of neuroma formation in rat sciatic nerve after CO2 laser and scalpel neurectomy in combination with milliwatt CO2 laser “sealing.” Surg Neurol. 1989;32:281–284.
Martini A, Fromm B. A new operation for the prevention and treatment of amputation neuromas. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1989;71:379–382.
Herndon JH, Eaton RG, Littler WJ. Management of painful neuromas in the hand. J Bone Joint Surg. 1976;58A:369.
Moszkowicz LP. Zur behandlung der schmerzhaften neuroma. Zentralbi Chir. 1918;45:547.
Teneff S. Prevention of amputation neuroma. J Int Coll Surg. 1949;12:16.
Munro D, Mallory GK. Elimination of the so called amputation neuromas of derivative peripheral nerves. J Med. 1959;260:358.
Petropoulos PC, Stefanko S. Experimental studies of posttraumatic neuroma under various physiologic conditions. J Surg Res. 1961;1:235.
Petropoulos PC, Stefanko S. Experimental observations on the prevention of neuroma formation. J Surg Res. 1961;1:241.
Millesi H. Nerve grafting. Clin Plast Surg. 1984;11:105–120.
Millesi H. Microsurgery of peripheral nerve: neurolyses, nerve grafts, brachialplexus injuries. In: Bunke HJ, Fumas DW, eds. Symposium on Clinical Frontiers in Reconstructive Microsurgery. St Louis: CV Mosby; 1984:353–373.
Mackinnon SE, Dellon AL, Hudson AR, Hunter DA. Alteration of neuroma formation produced by manipulation of neural environment in primates. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;76:345–352.
Boldrey E. Amputation neuroma in nerves implanted in bone. Ann Surg. 1943;118:1052–1057.
Goldstein SA, Sturim HS. Intraosseous nerve transposition for treatment of painful neuromas. J Hand Surg. 1985;10:270.
Whipple RR, Unsell RS. Treatment of painful neu-romas. Orthop Clin North Am. 1988;19:175–185.
Mass DP, Ciano MC, Tortosa R, et al. Treatment of painful hand neuromas by their transfer into bone. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;74:182.
Reisman NR, Dellon AL. The abductor digiti minimi muscle flap: a salvage technique for palmar wrist pain. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983;72: 859–863.
Dellon AL, Mackinnon SE. The pronator quadratus muscle flap. J Hand Surg (Am). 1984;9:423–427.
Kumar N, Stevenson JH. Intractable digital neu-roma pain; the ultimate solution? Br J Plast Surg. 1990;43:122–123.
Mackinnon SE. Wandering nerve graft technique for management of the recalcitrant painful neuroma in the hand: a case report. Microsurgery. 1988; 9:95–101.
Tada K, Nakashima H, Yoshida T, Kitano K. A new treatment of painful amputation neuroma: a preliminary report. J Hand Surg (Br). 1987;12: 273–276.
Dellon AL, Mackinnon SE. Pain after radial sensory nerve grafting. J Hand Surg (Br). 1986;11:341–346.
Ashley L, Stallings JO. End-to-side nerve flap for treatment of painful neuroma: a 15-year follow-up. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1988;88:621–624.
Wood VE, Mudge MK. Treatment of neuromas about a major amputation stump. J Hand Surg (Am). 1987;12:302–306.
Gorkisch K, Boese-Landgraf J, Vaubel E. Treatment and prevention of amputation neuromas in hand surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;73: 293–296.
Laborde KG, Kalisman M, Tsai T. Results of surgical treatment of painful neuromas of the hand. J Hand Surg. 1982;7:190–193.
Tupper JW, Booth DM. Treatment of painful neuromas of sensory nerves in the hand: a comparison of traditional and newer methods. J Hand Surg. 1976;1:144–151.
Dellon AL, Mackinnon SE. Treatment of the painful neuroma by neuroma resection and muscle implantation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;77:427–436.
Mackinnon SE, Dellon AL. Results of treatment of recurrent dorsal radial wrist neuromas. Ann Plast Surg. 1987;19:54–61.
Hoppenstein R. A new approach to the failed back syndrome. Spine. 1980;5:371–379.
Johnson JE, Johnson KA, Unni KK. Persistent pain after excision of an interdigital neuroma. Results of reoperation. J Bone Joint Surg (Am). 1988; 70:651–657.
Dellon AL, Mackinnon SE. Tumors of the peripheral nerve. In: Dellon AL, Mackinnon SE, eds. Surgery of the Peripheral Nerve. 1988:535–549.
Smith FP. Trans-spinal ganglionectomy for relief of intercostal pain. J Neurosurg. 1970;32:574–577.
Burchiel KJ, Johans TJ. Surgical management of chronic pain resulting from peripheral nerve injury. Perspec Neurol Surg. 1992;3:15–33.
Burchiel KJ, Johans TJ, Ochoa J. Surgical treatment of post-traumatic neuromas. J Neurosurg. In press.
Rhoades CE, Mowery CA, Gelberman RH. Results of internal neurolysis of the median nerve for severe carpal tunnel syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg (Am). 1985;67:253–256.
Mackinnon SE, Dellon AL. Evaluation of microsurgical internal neurolysis in a primate median nerve model of chronic nerve compression. J Hand Surg (Am). 1988;13:357–363.
Mackinnon SE, O’Brien JP, Dellon AL, McLean AR, Hudson AR, Hunter DA. An assessment of the effects of internal neurolysis on a chronically compressed rat sciatic nerve. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;81:251–258.
Sakurai M, Miyasaka Y. Neural fibrosis and the effect of neurolysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1986;68:483–488.
Rydevik B, Lundborg G, Nordborg D. Intraneural tissue reactions induced by internal neurolysis. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1976;10:3.
Yaksh TL. Spinal opiate analgesia: characteristics and principles of action. Pain. 1981;11:293.
Patrick BS, Sanford RA. Management of pain of malignancy III: neurectomy and rhizotomy. MSMA. November 1977:276–278.
Ochoa JL. Thermal hyperalgesia as a clinical symptom. In: Willis WD, ed. Hyperalgesia. The Second Bristol-Myers Squibb Symposium on Pain Research. Galveston, Tex, May 1991. New York: Raven Press. In press.
Abbe R. Intradural section of the spinal nerves for neuralgia. Boston Med Surg J. 1896;135: 329–335.
Abbe R. Resection of the posterior roots of spinal nerves to relieve pain, pain reflex, athetosis, and spastic paralysis-Dana’s operation. Med Rec. 1911;79:377–381.
Knapp RC, Boston M. Division of the posterior spinal roots for amputation neuralgia. Bost Med Surg J. 1908;158:149–151.
Groves EWH. On the division of the posterior spinal roots: (1) for pain, (2) for visceral crises, (3) for spasm. Lancet. 1911;2:79–85.
Bennett W. On the resection of the posterior spinal nerve roots (rhizotomy): painful amputation stump. Br Surg. 1914;2:234.
Echols DH. Sensory rhizotomy following operation for ruptured intravertebral disc. A review of 62 cases. J Neurosurg. 1969;31:335–338.
Hosobuchi Y. The majority of unmyelinated afferent axons in human ventral root probably conduct pain. Pain. 1980;8:167–180.
Loeser JD. Dorsal rhizotomy for the relief of chronic pain. J Neurosurg. 1972;36:745–750.
Onofrio BM, Campa HK. Evaluation of rhizotomy. Review of 12 years’ experience. J Neurosurg. 1972;36:751–755.
Scoville WB. Extradural spinal sensory rhizotomy. J Neurosurg. 1966;25:94–95.
Strait TA, Hunter SE. Intraspinal extradural sensory rhizotomy in patients with failure of lumbar disc surgery. J Neurosurg. 1981;54:193–196.
White JC, Sweet WH. Pain and the Neurosurgeon. Springfield, Ill: Charles C. Thomas; 1969.
Windle WF. Neurons of the sensory type in the ventral roots of man and other mammals. Arch Neurol Psychiatr. 1931;26:791–800.
Sindou M, Lapras C. Neurosurgical treatment for pain in the Pancoast-Tobias syndrome: selective posterior rhizotomy and open anterolateral C-2 cordotomy. In: Bonica J, et al, eds. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. New York: Raven Press; 1982.
Barrash JM, Leavens ME. Dorsal rhizotomy for the relief of intractable pain of malignant tumor origin. J Neurosurg. 1973;38:755–757.
Saris SC, Silver JM, Vieira JF, Nashold BS. Sacrococcygeal rhizotomy for perineal pain. Neurosurgery. 1986;19:789–793.
Crue BL, Todd EM. A simplified technique of sacral rhizotomy for pelvic pain. J Neurosurg. 1964;21:835–837.
Loeser JD, Sweet WH, Tew JM, van Loveren H, Bonica J.I. Neurosurgical operations involving peripheral nerves. In: Bonica JJ, ed. The Management of Pain. Philadelphia, Pa: Lea & Febiger; 1990:2044–2066.
Young RF. Dorsal rhizotomy and dorsal root ganglionectomy. In: Youmans JR, ed. Neurological Surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1990;6:4026–4035.
Lazorthes Y, Verdie JC, Lagarrigue J. Thermocoagulation percutanee des nerfs rachidiens a visee analgesique. Neurochirurgie. 1976;22:445.
Uematsu S. Percutaneous electrothermocoagulation of spinal nerve trunk, ganglion and rootlets. In: Schmidek HH, Sweet WS, eds. Operative Neurosurgical Techniques: Indications, Methods, and Results. 2nd ed. New York: Grune and Stratton; 1988:1207–1221.
Nash TP. Percutaneous radiofrequency lesioning of dorsal root ganglia for intractable pain. Pain. 1986;24:67–73.
Hitchcock E. Current views on the role of neurosurgery for pain relief. In: Swerdlow M, ed. The Therapy of Pain. Lancaster, UK: MTP Press; 1981:135–170.
Richardson DE. Role of neurosurgery and pain involving the chest and brachial plexus. In: Bonica JJ, Ventafridda V, eds. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. New York: Raven Press; 1979;2:577–586.
Denny-Brown D, Kirk EJ. Hyperesthesia from spinal and root lesions. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1968;93:116–120.
Hodge CJ Jr, King RB. Medical modification of sensation. J Neurosurg. 1976;44:21–28.
Coggeshall RE, Coulter JD, Willis WD. Unmyelinated fibers in the ventral root. J Cell Biol. 1972;55:47a.
Coggeshall RE. Afferent fibers in the ventral root. Neurosurgery. 1979;4:443–448.
Coggeshall RE, Applebaum ML, Fazen M, et al. Unmyelinated axons in human ventral roots, a possible explanation for the failure of dorsal rhizotomy to relieve pain. Brain. 1975;98:157–166.
Bell C. Idea of a new anatomy of the brain. London: Strahan & Preston; 1811:17–19.
Magendie F. Experiences sur les fonctions des racines des nerfs rachidiens. J Physiol (Paris). 1822;2:276–279.
Clifton GL, Vance WH, Applebaum ML, et al. Responses of unmyelinated afferents in the mammalian ventral root. Brain Res. 1974;57: 163–167.
Coggeshall RE, Ito H. Sensory fibers in ventral roots L7 and S1 in the cat. J Physiol (Lond). 1977;267:215–235.
Osgood CP, Dujovny MD, Faille R, Abassy M. Microsurgical ganglioectomy for chronic pain syndromes. J Neurosurg. 1976;45:113–115.
Taub A. Relief of chronic intractable sciatica by dorsal root ganglionectomy. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1980;105:340–343.
North RB, Kidd DH, Campbell JN, Long DM. Dorsal root ganglioectomy for failed back surgery syndrome: a 5-year follow-up study. J Neurosurg. 1991;74:236–242.
Osgood CP, Dujovny M, Faille R, Abassy M. Microsurgical lumbosacral ganglionectomy, anatomic rationale, and surgical results. Acta Neurochir. 1976;35:197–204.
Arbit E, Galicich JH, Burt M, Mallya K. Modified open thoracic rhizotomy for treatment of intractable chest wall pain of malignant etiology. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989;48:820–823.
Rees WES. Multiple bilateral subcutaneous rhizolysis of segmental nerves in the treatment of inter-vertebral disc syndrome. Ann Gen Pract. 1971;26:126–127.
King JS, Lagger R. Sciatica viewed as a referred pain syndrome. Surg Neurol. 1976;5:46–50.
Schaerer JP. Radiofrequency facet rhizotomy in the treatment of chronic neck and low back pain. Int Surg. 1978;63:53–59.
Shealy CN. Percutaneous radiofrequency denervation of spinal facets. Neurosurgery. 1975;43: 448–451.
Shealy CN. Facet denervation in the management of back and sciatic pain. Clin Orthop. 1976;115:157–164.
Burton CV. Percutaneous radiofrequency facet de-nervation. Appl Neurophysiol. 1976/1977;39: 80–86.
Florez, Eiras J, Ucar S. Percutaneous rhizotomy of the articular nerve of Luschka for low back and sciatic pain. Acta Neurochir. 1977;24:67–71.
Lora J, Long D. So-called facet denervation in the management of intractable back pain. Spine. 1976;1:121–126.
Ignelzi RJ, Cummings TW. A statistical analysis of percutaneous radiofrequency lesions in the treatment of chronic low back pain and sciatica. Pain. 1980;8:181–187.
Oudenhoven RC. Paraspinal electromyography following facet rhizotomy. Spine. 1977;2: 299–304.
McCulloch JA. Percutaneous radiofrequency lumbar rhizolysis (rhizotomy). Appl Neurophysiol. 1976/1977;39:87–96.
Oudenhoven RC. Articular rhizotomy. Surg Neurol. 1974;2:275–278.
Bogduk N, Long DM. The anatomy of the socalled “articular nerves” and their relationship to facet denervation in the treatment of low-back pain. J Neurosurg. 1979;51:172.
Silvers HR. Lumbar percutaneous facet rhizotomy. Spine. 1990;15:36–40. (Erratum. Spine. 1990; 15:784.)
Bogduk N, Long DM. Percutaneous lumbar medial branch neurotomy: a modification of facet denervation. Spine. 1980;5:193.
Bogduk N, Macintosh A. Technical limitations to the efficacy of radiofrequency neurotomy for spinal pain. Neurosurgery. 1987;20:529.
Ignelzi RJ. Radiofrequency lesions in the treatment of lumbar spinal pain. Contemp Neurosurg. 1980;12:1–6.
Kennemore DE. Percutaneous radio-frequency de-nervation of spinal facets. In: Wilkins RH, Rengachary SS, eds. Neurosurgery. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1985:2427–2429.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Burchiel, K.J. (1997). Neurosurgical Procedures of the Peripheral Nerves. In: North, R.B., Levy, R.M. (eds) Neurosurgical Management of Pain. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1938-5_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1938-5_12
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7348-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-1938-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive