Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dementia in Parkinson’s Disease and Atypical Parkinsonism

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Movement Disorders in Dementias

  • 1554 Accesses

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, after Alzheimer’s disease. The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) is roughly estimated to be around 30 %, while PDD will occur in over 80 % of patients after 20 years of disease, conferring an important impact on patient management and prognosis. The main clinical syndrome of PDD is that of a frontal-subcortical dysexecutive visuospatial impairment, as well as neuropsychiatric features such as hallucinations and delusions and thus quite similar to that of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). The etiopathogenesis is unknown, but α-synuclein pathology spreading from the brainstem to the neocortex is involved, and it seems that concomitant Alzheimer’s disease pathology, in particular Aβ plaques, is crucially implicated. Moreover, genetic factors have been recently highlighted as important pathogenetic factors. The diagnosis is based on clinical diagnostic criteria for PDD and mild cognitive impairment. There is no neuroprotective or disease-modifying treatment for PDD. The best evidence for symptomatic treatment exists for the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, rivastigmine.

With regard to dementia in atypical parkinsonism, much less is known. The prevalence of dementia in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is high and impairs quality of life in these patients. The cognitive profile reflects that of a frontal-subcortical dysfunction in PSP and additionally parietal dysfunction in CBD, while memory is in both conditions relatively preserved. Apathy, depression, and disinhibition are the most common neuropsychiatric features, while hallucinations and delusions occur extremely rarely. Tau pathology in the cortex and subcortical structures seems to correlate with these cognitive phenotypes; however, the understanding of the pathophysiology as well as treatment options is limited. In contrast, dementia in multiple system atrophy (MSA) still counts as one of the exclusion criteria for its diagnosis. Recent studies have highlighted that executive dysfunction does occur in MSA, but etiopathogenesis and treatments are still to be researched.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Tandberg E, Laake K. Predictors of nursing home placement in Parkinson’s disease: a population-based, prospective study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(8):938–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aarsland D, Cummings JL, Larsen JP. Neuropsychiatric differences between Parkinson’s disease with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16(2):184–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aarsland D, Zaccai J, Brayne C. A systematic review of prevalence studies of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2005;20(10):1255–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aarsland D, Ballard C, Walker Z, et al. Memantine in patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(7):613–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alcalay RN, Caccappolo E, Mejia-Santana H, et al. Cognitive performance of GBA mutation carriers with early-onset PD: the CORE-PD study. Neurology. 2012;78(18):1434–40.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong MJ, Litvan I, Lang AE, et al. Criteria for the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration. Neurology. 2013;80(5):496–503.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Backman L, Nyberg L, Soveri A, et al. Effects of working-memory training on striatal dopamine release. Science (New York, NY). 2011;333(6043):718.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballard C, Ziabreva I, Perry R, et al. Differences in neuropathologic characteristics across the Lewy body dementia spectrum. Neurology. 2006;67(11):1931–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard CG, Chalmers KA, Todd C, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors reduce cortical Abeta in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology. 2007;68(20):1726–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barone P, Burn DJ, van Laar T, Hsu C, Poewe W, Lane RM. Rivastigmine versus placebo in hyperhomocysteinemic Parkinson’s disease dementia patients. Mov Disord. 2008;23(11):1532–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barton B, Grabli D, Bernard B, et al. Clinical validation of Movement Disorder Society-recommended diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Mov Disord. 2012;27(2):248–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braak H, Rub U, Jansen Steur EN, Del Tredici K, de Vos RA. Cognitive status correlates with neuropathologic stage in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2005;64(8):1404–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bronnick K, Ehrt U, Emre M, et al. Attentional deficits affect activities of daily living in dementia-associated with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:1136–42.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bronnick K, Emre M, Lane R, Tekin S, Aarsland D. Profile of cognitive impairment in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease compared with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(10):1064–8.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RG, Lacomblez L, Landwehrmeyer BG, et al. Cognitive impairment in patients with multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain. 2010;133:2382–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burn DJ, Barker RA. Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: millstone or milestone? Pract Neurol. 2013;13(2):68–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burn D, Emre M, McKeith I, et al. Effects of rivastigmine in patients with and without visual hallucinations in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21(11):1899–907.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buter TC, van den Hout A, Matthews FE, Larsen JP, Brayne C, Aarsland D. Dementia and survival in Parkinson disease: a 12-year population study. Neurology. 2008;70:1017–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chazot PL. Therapeutic potential of histamine H3 receptor antagonists in dementias. Drug News Perspect. 2010;23(2):99–103.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark LN, Kartsaklis LA, Wolf Gilbert R, et al. Association of glucocerebrosidase mutations with dementia with lewy bodies. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(5):578–83.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clinton LK, Blurton-Jones M, Myczek K, Trojanowski JQ, LaFerla FM. Synergistic interactions between Abeta, tau, and alpha-synuclein: acceleration of neuropathology and cognitive decline. J Neurosci. 2010;30:7281–9.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Compta Y, Marti MJ, Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, et al. Cerebrospinal tau, phospho-tau, and beta-amyloid and neuropsychological functions in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24(15):2203–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Compta Y, Parkkinen L, O’Sullivan SS, et al. Lewy- and Alzheimer-type pathologies in Parkinson’s disease dementia: which is more important? Brain. 2011;134:1493–505.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenberg-Thompson S, Carusi DA, Gornbein J. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology. 1994;44(12):2308–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson DW, Bergeron C, Chin SS, et al. Office of Rare Diseases neuropathologic criteria for corticobasal degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2002;61(11):935–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson DW, Rademakers R, Hutton ML. Progressive supranuclear palsy: pathology and genetics. Brain Pathol (Zurich, Switzerland). 2007;17(1):74–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donker Kaat L, Boon AJ, Kamphorst W, Ravid R, Duivenvoorden HJ, van Swieten JC. Frontal presentation in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology. 2007;69(8):723–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubois B, Pillon B, Legault F, Agid Y, Lhermitte F. Slowing of cognitive processing in progressive supranuclear palsy. A comparison with Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol. 1988;45(11):1194–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duda JE, Giasson BI, Mabon ME, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Novel antibodies to synuclein show abundant striatal pathology in Lewy body diseases. Ann Neurol. 2002;52(2):205–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dujardin K, Dubois B, Tison F, et al. Parkinson’s disease dementia can be easily detected in routine clinical practice. Mov Disord. 2010;25(16):2769–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan GW, Firbank MJ, O’Brien JT, Burn DJ. Magnetic resonance imaging: a biomarker for cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease? Mov Disord. 2013;28(4):425–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emre M, Aarsland D, Brown R, et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007a;22(12):1689–707; quiz 1837.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emre M, Cummings JL, Lane RM. Rivastigmine in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease: similarities and differences. J Alzheimers Dis. 2007b;11(4):509–19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emre M, Tsolaki M, Bonuccelli U, et al. Memantine for patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(10):969–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engelborghs S, Maertens K, Nagels G, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: cross-sectional analysis from a prospective, longitudinal Belgian study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20(11):1028–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foltynie T, Brayne CE, Robbins TW, Barker RA. The cognitive ability of an incident cohort of Parkinson’s patients in the UK. The CamPaIGN study. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 3):550–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galvin JE, Pollack J, Morris JC. Clinical phenotype of Parkinson disease dementia. Neurology. 2006;67(9):1605–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geda YE, Boeve BF, Negash S, et al. Neuropsychiatric features in 36 pathologically confirmed cases of corticobasal degeneration. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;19(1):77–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerstenecker A, Mast B, Duff K, Ferman TJ, Litvan I. Executive dysfunction is the primary cognitive impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2013;28(2):104–13.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibb WR, Lees AJ. The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51(6):745–52.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilman S, Wenning GK, Low PA, et al. Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Neurology. 2008;71(9):670–6.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman M, Gross RG, Moore P, et al. Difficulty processing temporary syntactic ambiguities in Lewy body spectrum disorder. Brain Lang. 2012;120(1):52–60.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guerini FR, Beghi E, Riboldazzi G, et al. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with cognitive impairment in Italian patients with Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(11):1240–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halliday GM, McCann H. The progression of pathology in Parkinson’s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1184:188–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halliday G, Hely M, Reid W, Morris J. The progression of pathology in longitudinally followed patients with Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2008;115(4):409–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hely MA, Reid WG, Adena MA, Halliday GM, Morris JG. The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson’s disease: the inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord. 2008;23:837–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henry JD, Crawford JR. Verbal fluency deficits in Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10(4):608–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoglinger GU, Melhem NM, Dickson DW, et al. Identification of common variants influencing risk of the tauopathy progressive supranuclear palsy. Nat Genet. 2011;43(7):699–705.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Höglinger GU, Huppertz HJ, Wagenpfeil S, et al. Del Ser T; for the TAUROS MRI Investigators. Tideglusib reduces progression of brain atrophy in progressive supranuclear palsy in a randomized trial. Mov Disord. 2014. doi:10.1002/mds.25815.

  • Hurtig HI, Trojanowski JQ, Galvin J, et al. Alpha-synuclein cortical Lewy bodies correlate with dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2000;54(10):1916–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irwin DJ, White MT, Toledo JB, et al. Neuropathologic substrates of Parkinson disease dementia. Ann Neurol. 2012;72:587–98.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irwin DJ, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Parkinson’s disease dementia: convergence of alpha-synuclein, tau and amyloid-beta pathologies. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14(9):626–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankovic J, Poewe W. Therapies in Parkinson’s disease. Curr Opin Neurol. 2012;25(4):433–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jean L, Bergeron ME, Thivierge S, Simard M. Cognitive intervention programs for individuals with mild cognitive impairment: systematic review of the literature. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(4):281–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeannerod M, Jacob P. Visual cognition: a new look at the two-visual systems model. Neuropsychologia. 2005;43(2):301–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jellinger KA. Morphological substrates of parkinsonism with and without dementia: a retrospective clinico-pathological study. J Neural Transm Suppl. 2007;72:91–104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jellinger KA, Seppi K, Wenning GK, Poewe W. Impact of coexistent Alzheimer pathology on the natural history of Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2002;109(3):329–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones EL, Aarsland D, Londos E, Ballard C. A pilot study examining associations between DYRK1A and alpha-synuclein dementias. Neurodegener Dis. 2012;10(1–4):229–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kempster PA, O’Sullivan SS, Holton JL, Revesz T, Lees AJ. Relationships between age and late progression of Parkinson’s disease: a clinico-pathological study. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 6):1755–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HJ, Jeon BS, Kim YE, et al. Clinical and imaging characteristics of dementia in multiple system atrophy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19(6):617–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kotzbauer PT, Cairns NJ, Campbell MC, et al. Pathologic accumulation of alpha-synuclein and Abeta in Parkinson disease patients with dementia. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(10):1326–31.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kouri N, Murray ME, Hassan A, et al. Neuropathological features of corticobasal degeneration presenting as corticobasal syndrome or Richardson syndrome. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 11):3264–75.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovari E, Gold G, Herrmann FR, et al. Lewy body densities in the entorhinal and anterior cingulate cortex predict cognitive deficits in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2003;106(1):83–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kudlicka A, Clare L, Hindle JV. Executive functions in Parkinson’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2011;26(13):2305–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson V, Engedal K, Aarsland D, Wattmo C, Minthon L, Londos E. Quality of life and the effect of memantine in dementia with lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2011;32(4):227–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SE, Rabinovici GD, Mayo MC, et al. Clinicopathological correlations in corticobasal degeneration. Ann Neurol. 2011;70(2):327–40.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee W, Williams DR, Storey E. Cognitive testing in the diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders: a critical appraisal of the literature. Mov Disord. 2012;27(10):1243–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leroi I, Overshott R, Byrne EJ, Daniel E, Burns A. Randomized controlled trial of memantine in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24(8):1217–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy G, Tang MX, Cote LJ, et al. Motor impairment in PD: relationship to incident dementia and age. Neurology. 2000;55(4):539–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy G, Schupf N, Tang MX, et al. Combined effect of age and severity on the risk of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2002;51(6):722–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liepelt I, Gaenslen A, Godau J, et al. Rivastigmine for the treatment of dementia in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy: clinical observations as a basis for power calculations and safety analysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2010;6(1):70–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ling H, O’Sullivan SS, Holton JL, et al. Does corticobasal degeneration exist? A clinicopathological re-evaluation. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 7):2045–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Litvan I. Cognitive disturbances in progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1994;42:69–78.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Litvan I, Mangone CA, McKee A, et al. Natural history of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome) and clinical predictors of survival: a clinicopathological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;60(6):615–20.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Litvan I, Campbell G, Mangone CA, et al. Which clinical features differentiate progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome) from related disorders? A clinicopathological study. Brain. 1997;120(Pt 1):65–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Litvan I, Phipps M, Pharr VL, Hallett M, Grafman J, Salazar A. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology. 2001;57(3):467–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Litvan I, Goldman JG, Tröster AI, et al. Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Movement Disorder Society Task Force guidelines. Mov Disord. 2012;27(3):349–56.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Martin P, Falup-Pecurariu C, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, et al. Dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease: applying the Movement Disorder Society Task Force criteria. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17(8):621–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masliah E, Rockenstein E, Veinbergs I, et al. b-amyloid peptides enhance a-synuclein accumulation and neuronal deficits in a transgenic mouse model linking Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:12245–50.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massano J, Bhatia KP. Clinical approach to Parkinson’s disease: features, diagnosis, and principles of management. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2(6):a008870.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massman PJ, Kreiter KT, Jankovic J, Doody RS. Neuropsychological functioning in cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration: differentiation from Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1996;46(3):720–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKeith IG. Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): report of the Consortium on DLB International Workshop. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006;9(3 Suppl):417–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKeith I, Del Ser T, Spano P, et al. Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet. 2000;356(9247):2031–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mimura M, White RF, Albert ML. Corticobasal degeneration: neuropsychological and clinical correlates. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997;9(1):94–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morley JF, Xie SX, Hurtig HI, et al. Genetic influences on cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2012;27(4):512–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mosimann UP, Mather G, Wesnes KA, O’Brien JT, Burn DJ, McKeith IG. Visual perception in Parkinson disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology. 2004;63(11):2091–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nalls MA, Duran R, Lopez G, et al. A multicenter study of glucocerebrosidase mutations in dementia with Lewy bodies. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70(6):727–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nath U, Ben-Shlomo Y, Thomson RG, Lees AJ, Burn DJ. Clinical features and natural history of progressive supranuclear palsy: a clinical cohort study. Neurology. 2003;60(6):910–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann J, Bras J, Deas E, et al. Glucocerebrosidase mutations in clinical and pathologically proven Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 7):1783–94.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oertel W, Poewe W, Wolters E, et al. Effects of rivastigmine on tremor and other motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia: a retrospective analysis of a double-blind trial and an open-label extension. Drug Saf. 2008;31(1):79–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ondo WG, Shinawi L, Davidson A, Lai D. Memantine for non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind placebo controlled exploratory pilot trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17(3):156–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paris AP, Saleta HG, de la Cruz Crespo Maraver M, et al. Blind randomized controlled study of the efficacy of cognitive training in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26(7):1251–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry EK, Curtis M, Dick DJ, et al. Cholinergic correlates of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: comparisons with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48(5):413–21.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pillon B, Deweer B, Agid Y, Dubois B. Explicit memory in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. Arch Neurol. 1993;50(4):374–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pillon B, Blin J, Vidailhet M, et al. The neuropsychological pattern of corticobasal degeneration: comparison with progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1995;45(8):1477–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poewe W, Wolters E, Emre M, et al. Long-term benefits of rivastigmine in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease: an active treatment extension study. Mov Disord. 2006;21(4):456–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poulopoulos M, Levy OA, Alcalay RN. The neuropathology of genetic Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2012;27(7):831–42.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal E, Brennan L, Xie S, et al. Association between cognition and function in patients with Parkinson disease with and without dementia. Mov Disord. 2010;25(9):1170–6.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt FA, Farlow MR, Meng X, Tekin S, Olin JT. Efficacy of rivastigmine on executive function in patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2010;16(6):330–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seppi K, Weintraub D, Coelho M, et al. The Movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based Medicine Review Update: treatments for the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26 Suppl 3:S42–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimada H, Hirano S, Shinotoh H, et al. Mapping of brain acetylcholinesterase alterations in Lewy body disease by PET. Neurology. 2009;73:273–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sidransky E, Nalls MA, Aasly JO, et al. Multicenter analysis of glucocerebrosidase mutations in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(17):1651–61.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stamelou M, Alonso-Canovas A, Bhatia KP. Dystonia in corticobasal degeneration: a review of the literature on 404 pathologically proven cases. Mov Disord. 2012;27(6):696–702.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Svenningsson P, Westman E, Ballard C, Aarsland D. Cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease: diagnosis, biomarkers, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(8):697–707.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuang D, Leverenz JB, Lopez OL, et al. GBA mutations increase risk for Lewy body disease with and without Alzheimer disease pathology. Neurology. 2012;79(19):1944–50.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuang D, Leverenz JB, Lopez OL, et al. APOE epsilon4 increases risk for dementia in pure synucleinopathies. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70(2):223–8.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuboi Y, Josephs KA, Boeve BF, et al. Increased tau burden in the cortices of progressive supranuclear palsy presenting with corticobasal syndrome. Mov Disord. 2005;20(8):982–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub D. Dopamine and impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2008;64 Suppl 2:S93–100.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub D, Papay K, Siderowf A. Screening for impulse control symptoms in patients with de novo Parkinson disease: a case-control study. Neurology. 2013;80(2):176–80.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wenning GK, Jellinger KA. The role of alpha-synuclein in the pathogenesis of multiple system atrophy. Acta Neuropathol. 2005;109(2):129–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wenning GK, Litvan I, Jankovic J, et al. Natural history and survival of 14 patients with corticobasal degeneration confirmed at postmortem examination. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64(2):184–9.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wesnes KA, McKeith I, Edgar C, Emre M, Lane R. Benefits of rivastigmine on attention in dementia associated with Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2005;65(10):1654–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse PJ, Hedreen JC, White 3rd CL, Price DL. Basal forebrain neurons in the dementia of Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol. 1983;13(3):243–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wider C, Ross OA, Nishioka K, et al. An evaluation of the impact of MAPT, SNCA and APOE on the burden of Alzheimer’s and Lewy body pathology. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:424–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams DR, Lees AJ. Progressive supranuclear palsy: clinicopathological concepts and diagnostic challenges. Lancet Neurol. 2009a;8(3):270–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams DR, Lees AJ. How do patients with parkinsonism present? A clinicopathological study. Intern Med J. 2009b;39(1):7–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams DR, de Silva R, Paviour DC, et al. Characteristics of two distinct clinical phenotypes in pathologically proven progressive supranuclear palsy: Richardson’s syndrome and PSP-parkinsonism. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 6):1247–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams-Gray CH, Evans JR, Goris A, et al. The distinct cognitive syndromes of Parkinson’s disease: 5 year follow-up of the CamPaIGN cohort. Brain. 2009;132:2958–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winter Y, Spottke AE, Stamelou M, et al. Health-related quality of life in multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurodegener Dis. 2011;8(6):438–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yarnall A, Rochester L, Burn DJ. The interplay of cholinergic function, attention, and falls in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26:2496–503.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yarnall AJ, Rochester L, Baker MR, et al. Short latency afferent inhibition: a biomarker for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease? Mov Disord. 2013;28(9):1285–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Second Department of Neurology, Attiko Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Maria Stamelou MD, PhD

  2. Sobell Department for Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, UK

    Maria Stamelou MD, PhD & Kailash Bhatia FRCP

  3. Neurology Clinic, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany

    Maria Stamelou MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Maria Stamelou MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kailash Bhatia FRCP
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maria Stamelou MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Neuroscience Department, Universidad Catolica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Marcelo Merello

  2. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Fremantle, Australia

    Sergio E. Starkstein

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stamelou, M., Bhatia, K. (2014). Dementia in Parkinson’s Disease and Atypical Parkinsonism. In: Merello, M., Starkstein, S. (eds) Movement Disorders in Dementias. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6365-7_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6365-7_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-6364-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-6365-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation