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Review and Basic Concepts

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Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control and Guidance for Aerospace Vehicles

Part of the book series: Advances in Industrial Control ((AIC))

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Abstract

This chapter starts with some basic definitions and concepts as well as a quick literature review on FDIR academic methods. The main concepts of the industrial state-of-practice for space and avionics systems will also be briefly presented. An attempt will be made to analyze major reasons for the slow-progress in applying advanced model-based techniques to real-world aerospace systems. Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) is an important aspect of process engineering. The primary objective of an FDD system is early detection of faults, isolation of their location, and diagnosis of their causes, enabling correction of the faults before additional damage to the system or loss of service occurs. Abnormal situations occur when processes deviate significantly (outside the allowed range) from their normal regime during online operation. A fault can be defined as an unpermitted deviation of at least one characteristic property or parameter of the system from the standard condition [1]. A failure is a permanent interruption of a system’s ability to perform a required function under specified operating conditions. Within the academic literature, the terminology is now more or less standardized. Such malfunctions may occur in the individual unit of the plants, sensors, actuators, or other devices and affect adversely the local or global behavior of the system. Process abnormalities are usually classified into additive or multiplicative faults according to the effects on a process. In general, additive faults affect processes as unknown inputs, while multiplicative faults usually have important effects on the process dynamics and can cause unstable behaviors. Abrupt faults are sudden changes in behavior of the system (step like), while incipient faults are gradual and slow drifting faults. Permanent faults lead to the total failure of the equipment (once they occur they do not disappear), transient faults are temporary malfunctioning (appear for a short time and then disappear), and intermittent faults are the repeated occurrences of transient faults (they appear, disappear, and then reappear). Hidden faults are those which are present on standby equipment and visible only when this equipment is activated.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See, for example, http://www.safeprocess.es.aau.dk/

  2. 2.

    A supersonic passenger airplane jointly developed and produced by Aerospatiale (France) and the British Aircraft Corporation under an Anglo-French treaty (first commercial fly in 1969).

Abbreviations

EFCS:

Electrical Flight Control System

FBW:

Fly-by-Wire

FCC:

Flight Control Computer

FDD:

Fault Detection and Diagnosis

FDI:

Fault Detection and Isolation

FDIR:

Fault Detection, Identification and Recovery

FTC:

Fault-Tolerant Control

FTG:

Fault-Tolerant Guidance

L/D:

Lift-to-Drag Ratio

NEP:

Nominal Exit Point

GNC:

Guidance, Navigation, and Control

HMI:

Human–Machine Interface

LTI:

Linear Time Invariant

LPV:

Linear Parameter Varying

RLV:

Reusable Launch Vehicle

TAEM:

Terminal Area Energy Management

TEP:

TAEM Entry Point

TRL:

Technology Readiness Level

α:

Angle-of-Attack

M:

Mach Number

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CNRS, IMS Lab, The University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France

    Ali Zolghadri, David Henry & Jérôme Cieslak

  2. INRIA-LNE Non-A project, Parc Scientifique de la Haute Borne, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France

    Denis Efimov

  3. EYCCC Flight Control System Airbus Operations S.A.S. – St. Martin, Toulouse, France

    Philippe Goupil

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  1. Ali Zolghadri
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  4. Denis Efimov
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  5. Philippe Goupil
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Zolghadri, A., Henry, D., Cieslak, J., Efimov, D., Goupil, P. (2014). Review and Basic Concepts. In: Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control and Guidance for Aerospace Vehicles. Advances in Industrial Control. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5313-9_2

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